964 Index
Triton satellite, Neptune (Cont.)
subsurface energy transport,
498–499
temperature of solid-state
greenhouse, 498
Pluto similarities, 486–487
pre-Voyagerastronomy
liquid nitrogen seas, 485–486
radius/mass/spectra, 485
properties, 488
visual spectral reflectance, 489
volcanic features, 836
Voyager 2mission encounter, 487
troposphere
Earth, lowest layer, 172
giant planets, dynamical meteorology,
394–399
Venus, 139
troughs, Europa, 434–435
Trouvelot, Etienne, 68
Tvashtar Catena caldera, Io, 835
two-body problem, 789–790
energy, circular velocity, escape
velocity, 789–790
laws of motion/universal gravitation
law, 789
orbital elements, 790
reduction to one-body case, 789
Tycho, universe model, 55–56
Tyre crater, Europa, 442
Ulrich, R., 75
ultraviolet astronomy, 659–661
Ultraviolet Imager,Polarspacecraft,
534
ultraviolet photons (solar)
Sun-Earth connection, 215
Venus atmosphere, 142
ultraviolet radiation, mass-independent
fractionation (MIF), 306
ultraviolet wavelengths
Jupiter, 401
methods of study
reflection/airglow measurement,
662
stellar occultations, 505, 662
of solar system, 659–680
Ulyssesspacecraft
dust detectors, 629, 631
solar wind velocity measurement,
217
Umbriel satellite, albedo, 380
Universal Natural History(Kant), 60
universe
Copernicus, heliocentric model, 55
Ptolemy, geocentric model, 54
University of Asiago, Department of
Astronomy, 290
unmagnetized planets, 523–524
Uranus
atmosphere
observations, 667–668
ultraviolet emissions, 668
Cordelia, satellite, 508
18th century studies, 60
emissions
radio, 716–717
thermal, 703
historical studies
18th century, 60
19th century, 63
20th century, pre-space age, 69
ice giant planet, 49, 384
magnetosphere, 225
Ophelia, satellite, 508
origins, 605
physical properties, 384
ring system
discovery, 18
major components, 505
structure, 508–509
satellites, 366, 370, 379–381
medium-sized, 379–381, 381
small-sized, 381
stratosphere
aerosol cycle, 392
temperature, 384
Urey, Harold, 67
U.S.S.R.
launch ofSputnik, 736
Veneramissions, 736V-class asteroids, 269, 360, 363
Valhalla multiring basin, Callisto, 460,
817
Valles Marineris canyon, Mars, 333
Van Allen belts, torus-shaped regions,
519
Veeder, G., 428
VEGAspacecrafts
Halley’s comet flyby, 557, 563
Venus descent probes, 660
Veneraspacecraft, Venus missions,
139–140, 141, 147
Venus
bulk composition, 32
echoes, 749
exploration history, 150
fluid flood basalts, 129
flux rope, 524
Galileoflyby, 662
general characteristics
orbital rotations/motions, 151
surface conditions, 151–152
greenhouse effect, 139
historical studies
18th century, 59
19th century, 61transits, 18th century studies, 59
20th century, pre-space age, 66
Magellanradar mapping mission,
877
Mariner 2, 5, 10 flybys, 139
missions
Magellanradar mapping mission,
877
Pioneer Venus Multiprobemission,
140
Orbitermission, 139
Pioneer Venus Multiprobemission,
140
rotation, 139, 746
rotation period, 139, 746
shield volcanoes, 834
thermal emission, 699–700
VEGAspacecrafts, descent probes,
660
Veneraspacecraft mission, 139–140,
141, 147
volcanic features, 833–834
fluctus (flood) flows, 833
plains forming lava flows, 833
summit calderas, 834
winds, 145
X-ray emissions, 637, 641–643, 644
Venus, atmosphere, 139–148
carbon dioxide, major gas, 141, 142,
662
clouds and hazes, 145–147
appearances and motions, 145
cloud chemistry, 147
cloud layers, 145
lightning, 147
composition, 141–142
general circulation, 147
historical studies, 139–140
lower
temperatures, 142–143
water vapor, 143–144
measuring techniques, 140–141
middle and upper, 144–145
chemical recombination, 145
ionosphere, 144–145
temperatures, 144
winds, 145
near-infrared sounding, 142
observations, 662–663
origin and evolution, 147–148
radiometry measurements, 141
spectroscopy, 140
Venus, missions
Galileoflyby, 139
Magellanradar mapping mission, 139,
877
Orbitermission, 139
Pioneer Venus Large Probemission,
144