the proofs for himself'.
None the less, the central tenets of the Old Stoics remained firm. In ethics they rejected hedonism and
counselled a life of 'virtue'; in physics they accepted a form of materialism but denied atomism; in logic
they were empiricists, but they assigned a major role to reason in the development of knowledge.
The Stoic Philosopher Chrysippus (d. between 208 and 204bc): a seated statue reconstructed with the aid
of a body in the Louvre and a cast of a head in the British Museum. It may be based on a statue in Athens
mentioned by Cicero which showed the philosopher sitting with hand extended (a typical gesture of
philosophical disputation).