San Francisco, 1978), which includes Ai Khanoum, and J.M. Rosen-field, The Dynastic Arts of the
Kushans (Berkeley, 1967). For the Parthians see M.A.R. Colledge, Parthian Art (London, 1977), and G.
Herrmann, The Iranian Revival (Oxford, 1977), both well illustrated. For the limits of Hellenism see S.
K. Eddy, The King is Dead: Studies in the Near Eastern Resistance to Hellenism 334-31 B.C. (Lincoln,
Nebraska, 1961), M. Hengel, Judaism and Hellenism (London and Philadelphia, 1974) and A. D.
Momigliano, Alien Wisdom (Cambridge, 1975).
W.W. Tarn, Hellenistic Military and Naval Developments (Cambridge, 1930), G. T. Griffith,
Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World (Cambridge, 1935), and B. Bar-Kochva, The Seleucid Army
(Cambridge, 1976), survey different aspects of the military history.
A.H.M.Jones, The Greek City from Alexander to Justinian (Oxford, 1940), is basic to this and the next
section. See also V. Ehrenberg, The Greek State2 (London, 1969), P.M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria
(Oxford, 1972).
A.R. Hands, Charities and Social Aid in Greece and Rome (London, 1968), discusses civic benefactors,
and includes a dossier of texts in translation. G.E.M. de Ste Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient
Greek World (London, 1981), documents the decline of democracy. S.R.F. Price, Rituals and Power:
The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge, 1984), includes Hellenistic ruler cults. Religious
history may be approached through A. D. Nock, Conversion (Oxford, 1933), or H. I. Bell, Cults and
Creeds in Graeco-Roman Egypt (Liverpool, 1953); sources are translated in F. C. Grant, Hellenistic
Religions, the Age of Syncretism (New York, 1953).
- Hellenistic Culture And Literature (By Robin Lane Fox)
There are full, international bibliographies of Hellenistic culture in C. Preaux, he Monde hellenistique
(Paris, 1978), and C. Schneider, Kulturgeschichte des Hellenismus (Munich 1967), while P.M. Fraser,
Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford, 1972) is a fundamental collection and discussion of evidence. H.I.
Marrou, History of Education in Antiquity (London, 1956) is a classic study, although the English
translation is erratic. A. Momigliano, Alien Wisdom (Cambridge, 1975), R. Pfeiffer, A History of
Classical Scholarship, vol. I (Oxford, 1968), W.S. Ferguson, Hellenistic Athens (London, 1911), and M.
Hengel, Hellenism and Judaism (London, 1978) are also indispensable. The range of M.I. Rostovtzeff's
Social and Economic History of the Hellenistic World (Oxford, 1941) has not been surpassed. On the
geographers, M. Cary and E. H. Warmington, The Ancient Explorers (London, 1963) give a lively
introduction. P.M. Fraser, 'Eratosthenes of Cyrene', Proceedings of the British Academy, Ivi (1970), 175-
209, is a vivid portrait. Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (London, 1973) and The Search for
Alexander (Boston, Mass., 1980) describe and illustrate the first conquests and their impact. Hellenistic
literature is surveyed by A. Lesky, A History of Greek Literature (London, 1966), pp. 642-806. P. M.
Fraser's Ptolemaic Alexandria (Oxford, 1972) discusses the Alexandrians' literary achievement, and
more particularly, a view of Callimachus. A selection of epigrams are translated in The Greek