A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present

x Contents

Chapter 1 0 Eighteenth-Century Economic

and Social Chance 349

The Social Order 350 Nobles • The British Landed

Elite • The Clergy • The “Middling Sort” • Peasants

The Beginnings of the Industrial Revolution 360

Stagnation and Growth in Agriculture • Population

Growth • Manufacturing: Guilds and Domestic

Industry • Inventions • Expanding British

Economy • Expanding Continental Economies

Social Changes 375 The Growth of Towns and

Cities • Social Movement within the Elite • The

Changing Condition of the Poor

Social Control 382 Protecting Property in

Britain • Subordination and Social Control

A Century of Contrasts 385

Chapter 1 1 Eighteenth-Century Dynastic Rivalries

and Politics 386

The Eighteenth-Century State System 387 Global

Rivalries • The Hanoverians and the Stuarts in Great

Britain • The Prussian-Austrian Dynastic Rivalry in

Central Europe

Conflicts between the Great Powers 394 The War

of the Austrian Succession • The Seven Years’

War • Armies and Their Tactics in the Eighteenth

Century • Navies

Political Change in Great Britain 404 Expanding

Central Government in Britain • The Role of the

House of Commons • The Development of Party

Politics in the 1760s: Whigs and Tories • The Rise of

British Nationalism

Challenges to Established Authority 411 British

Radicals • American Revolutionaries • The Parlements

and the French Monarchy • Other Movements

for Reform

Declining Power, Disappearing State: The Ottoman

Empire and Poland 425 The Decline of Ottoman

Turkish Power in Europe • The Partitions of Poland

Conclusion 430