A History of Modern Europe - From the Renaissance to the Present
Index A-41
Charlotte, princess of England, 600
Charter (France; 1814), 508-9, 593-95, 596
Charter of Fundamental Social Rights of
Workers, 1231
Charter of the Nobility (Russia; 1785), 343,
358
Charter 77, 1192, 1201
Chartist movement (Great Britain), 609-10,
610, 613, 642, 696
Chateaubriand, Fran^ois-Rene de, 479, 582
Chechnya, 1217
Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commis
sion), 945, 948
chemical warfare, in World War I, 895, 895
chemistry, 747-48
Chernenko, Konstantine, 1193
Chernobyl nuclear disaster (1986), 1184,
1196, 1233
Chernyshevsky, Nikolai, 713
Chevalier, Michel, 565, 729
Chiang Kai-shek, 1150
childhood, nineteenth-century concepts of,
537-38
child labor, 378, 384, 555-56, 555, 562,
609, 742, 764
Chile, 896
China, 427, 713, 820, 821-22
Boxer Rebellion in, 840-41, 841, 871
European domination of, 835, 836, 840,
845, 853
inventions from, 32, 33
Japanese conflicts with (1930s), 1050-51,
1051
Japanese influence in, 719, 721
Japanese invasion of (1937), 1070
Japanese war with (1894), 719—20
missionaries to, 41
population of, 1124
in Sino-Japanese War of 1895, 719-20,
840
Taiping Rebellion in, 831
trade with, 24, 40, 47, 388
in United Nations, 1114
World War 1 and, 900, 976-77
China, People’s Republic of, 1149, 1150, 1238
Korean War and, 1151
Soviet rivalry with, 1157-58, 1159, 1193
Chirac, Jacques, 1183, 1184
cholera, 516
Chopin, Frederic, 603
Christian Democratic Party:
in East Germany, 1200
in Italy, 1129, 1181, 1184
in reunited Germany, 1200
in West Germany, 1131, 1181, 1200
Christian II, king of Denmark, 100
Christian IV, king of Denmark, 151, 152
Christian Socialists, 792
Christian Social Party (Austria), 1017
Christian VII, king of Denmark, 424
Christina, queen of Sweden, 247, 271
Chunnel, 1143
Churchill, Winston:
in the Cold War, 1147, 1150
in inter-war period, 969, 987, 1056
post-World War II settlement and, 1111,
1111,1127,1160
in World War I, 902-4
in World War II, 1061, 1063, 1064, 1064,
1065-66, 1071, 1084, 1086, 1088,
1090, 1094-95, 1097, 1098-99,
1098, 1109, 1127, 1128
Church of England, see Anglicanism
CIA, see Central Intelligence Agency
Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 56, 58, 62, 77, 82,
289
Ciompi, revolt of the (1378), 54-55
Cisalpine Republic, 474, 477, 482, 486, 495
cities and towns:
as centers of Reformation, 95-96
class consciousness in, 559
in eighteenth century, 375—78, 377
growth of, 5, 16, 23-25
in late nineteenth and early twentieth
centuries, 717, 758-59, 766-71
liberties of, 25
municipal privileges of, 95-96
in nineteenth century, 513-14, 528, 536,
540, 549-51, 559
in Tudor England, 191
after World War 11, 1142
see also specific countries
city-states, Italian, 44—55
artists in, 65-66
decline of, 73, 78-79
economy of, 45-49, 78
foreign invasion of, 74-77
government of, 45, 50-55
patrons of art, 63—65
politics in, 50-53, 55, 76-78
religion in, 57-59
social structures in, 49, 54-55
Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 1201, 1202,
1202, 1215
Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code),
495-97, 510-11, 593-94
Civil Constitution of the Clergy (France;
1790), 451,464, 476
civil law, 6
civil service, 698
see also government administration
Clarendon Code (England; 1661—1665), 226
