598 Ch. 1 5 • Liberal Challenges To Restoration Europe

Louis-Philippe receiving black-suited members of the Chamber of Deputies, who

present him with the act by which they confered the crown on him.

rally support. The cult of Napoleon, accentuated by the vogue for the litera­
ture of romanticism, served only to highlight what seemed to be the medioc­
rity of the July Monarchy.

Other Liberal Assaults on the Old Order

The French Revolution of 1830 directly encouraged liberal and national
movements in other countries. Liberal successes followed in Belgium and
Switzerland, but not in Spain.

Independence for Belgium

The Dutch Netherlands had achieved independence from Spain in the sev­
enteenth century. The Southern Netherlands was Belgium, largely Catholic,
and divided between Flemish speakers in the north and French-speaking
Walloons in the south (see Map 15.2). Brussels, the largest city in Belgium,
lies within Flemish Belgium, but had many French speakers.
What Belgians called “Dutch arithmetic” left Belgium with fewer seats in
the Dutch Estates-General than its population should have warranted.
Catholics had to contribute to Protestant state schools and paid higher taxes.
In the late 1820s, Belgian liberals allied with Catholics against the Protestant
Dutch government demanding that ministers be responsible to the Estates­
General and taxes be reduced. Dutch King William I (1772-1843) granted
only more press freedom.