The Political Unification of Italy 655Map 17.1 The Unjfication of Italy, 1859-1870 The unification of Italy by
Piedmont-Sardinia included territory acquired in 1859, 1860, 1862, and 1866.
had sparked several nationalist insurrections against the Austrians in Tus
cany, Bologna, Modena, and Parma, whose rulers fled, leaving the duchies
under Piedmontese control. Further revolts in the Papal States failed; the
pope's Swiss mercenaries recaptured Perugia, looting the city and shooting
unarmed civilians. It became apparent to the French emperor that if
Piedmont-Sardinia were too successful, Victor Emmanuel’s expanded king
dom might become a rival instead of a grateful, compliant neighbor. With
out consulting Cavour, Napoleon III arranged an armistice at Villafranca
with Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria in July.