Shi'i Islam in Power ••• 93persecuted Christians, destroyed their churches, killed stray dogs, out¬
lawed certain foods, and eventually proclaimed himself divine. Modern
scholars think that Hakim's hostility was aimed mainly against Orthodox
Christians; he accused them of backing the Byzantines, who had just re¬
taken part of Syria. He also issued sumptuary decrees to fight a famine
caused by his predecessors' neglect of Nile irrigation. Far from claiming to
be God, he ended distinctions between Isma'ilis and other Muslims. One
day he vanished in the hills east of Cairo; his body was never found.
Hakim's bad name among Muslims may be due to the preaching done
on his behalf by an Isma'ili shaykh, Darazi, who convinced some Syrian
mountain folk that Hakim was divine. These Syrians built up a religion
around the propaganda of Darazi, from whom they took the collective
name of Duruz, and hence Druze. The Druze sect is a secret one that com¬
bines esoteric aspects of Isma'ili Shi'ism with the beliefs and practices of
other Middle Eastern religions. As mountaineers, the Druze people could
not be controlled by Muslim rulers in the low-lying areas. Muslim histori¬
ans came to consider them troublemakers as well as heretics. They survive
even today and take part in the tangled politics of present-day Syria and
Lebanon. Some own estates, and many have become army officers. In
northern Israel some Druze back the Jewish state and serve in its armed
forces. A proud and hardy people, the Druze share the language and cul¬
ture of the Arabs, but their desire to retain their religious identity has kept
them distinct politically.
The Fatimids ruled Egypt for two centuries, a long time for a Muslim dy¬
nasty, but they seem to have done better at building a strong navy and a
rich trading center than at spreading their domains or their doctrines.
Could they have won more converts? Sunni Islam seemed to be waning in
the tenth and early eleventh centuries. The Abbasid caliphs were no longer
credible claimants to universal sovereignty, for they had become captives of
the Buyids, who were Persian and Shi'i. In fact, the strongest states resisting
Fatimid expansion were already Shi'i, and they were not impressed by these
self-styled caliphs with their propagandists and their fake genealogies.
The Buy id Dynasty
Best known for having captured Baghdad and the Abbasids in 945, the
Buyids were one of several dynasties that helped revive Persian sovereignty
and culture. By this time Persia was completing its recovery from the Arab
conquest. This revival had already been manifest in Abu-Muslim's revolu¬
tion, the later sects that rebelled in his name, the Shu'ubiya literary move¬
ment, the Barmakid viziers, Caliph Mamun's victory over his brother, and