A Concise History of the Middle East

ILLUSTRATIONS

• 1 Introduction Preface to the Eighth Edition xv
  
  
  • What Is History?,
  
  
  • Then and Now, There and Here,
  
  
  • The Physical Setting,
    
    
    • Some Descriptive Geography,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 2 The Middle East Before Muhammad
  
  
  • A Minimum of Antiquity,
    
    
    • Persia and Rome,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • The Arabs,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 3 The Prophet of Mecca
  
  
  • Muhammad's Early Life,
  
  
  • The Emigration (Hijra),
  
  
  • AlSHA BINT ABI-BAKR,
  
  
  • Assessment,
  
  
  
  


• 4 What Is Islam?
  
  
  • Basic Beliefs,
  
  
  • The Five Pillars of Islam,
    
    
    • Other Duties and Prohibitions,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 5 The Early Arab Conquests
    
    
    • The Succession Issue,
    
    
    • The Initial Conquests,
      
      
      • The Beginnings of Islamic Government, viii ••• Contents
        
        
        • Dissension in the Umma,
        
        
        • Changes in the Government of Islam,
        
        
        • MU'AWIYA IBN-ABI-SUFYAN,
        
        
        • Conclusion,
        
        
        
        
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 6 The High Caliphate
    
    
    • Restoration of the Umayyad Order,
    
    
    • The Downfall of the Umayyads,
    
    
    • The Abbasid Caliphate,
    
    
    • AL-MAMUN,
    
    
    • The Decline of the Abbasids,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 7 Shi'is and Turks, Crusaders and Mongols
    
    
    • Shi'i Islam in Power,
    
    
    • The Turks,
    
    
    • The Crusades,
    
    
    • The Mongol Invasion,
    
    
    • HULEGU KHAN,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 8 Islamic Civilization
    
    
    • The Rules and Laws of Islam,
    
    
    • Development of Jurisprudence,
    
    
    • Islamic Society,
    
    
    • Importance of Family Life,
    
    
    • Intellectual Life,
    
    
    • Theology,
    
    
    • AHMAD IBN HANBAL,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 9 Firearms, Slaves, and Empires
    
    
    • The Mamluks,
    
    
    • The Mongol Il-Khanids,
    
    
    • Gunpowder Technology,
    
    
    • The Ottoman Empire,
      
      
      • ORHAN,
      
      
      • Persia Under the Safavids,
      
      
      • Conclusion,
      
      
      
      
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 10 European Interests and Imperialism
  
  
  • Ottoman Weakness,
  
  
  • The European Powers and the Eastern Question, Contents ••• ix
  
  
  • THE KOPRULU FAMILY OF VIZIERS,
  
  
  • Conclusion,
  
  
  
  


• 11 Westernizing Reform in the Nineteenth Century
  
  
  • Egypt,
  
  
  • Westernization of the Ottoman Empire,
    
    
    • MUSTAFA RESHID PASHA,
    
    
    • Persia Under the Qajars,
    
    
    • Some Afterthoughts,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 12 The Rise of Nationalism
  
  
  • Egyptian Nationalism,
  
  
  • AHMAD URABI,
  
  
  • Ottomanism, Pan-Islam, and Turkism,
  
  
  • Nationalism in Persia,
  
  
  • Conclusion,
  
  
  
  


• 13 The Roots of Arab Bitterness
  
  
  • Arab Nationalism,
  
  
  • World War I,
  
  
  • FAYSAL IBN AL HUSAYN,
  
  
  • The Postwar Peace Settlement,
  
  
  • Conclusion and Summary,
  
  
  
  


• 14 Modernizing Rulers in the Independent States
  
  
  • Turkey: Phoenix from the Ashes,
  
  
  • MUSTAFA KEMAL ATATURK,
  
  
  • From Persia to Iran,
  
  
  • The Rise of Saudi Arabia,
  
  
  • Conclusion,
  
  
  
  


• 15 Egypt's Struggle for Independence
  
  
  • Britain's Role in Egypt,
  
  
  • KING FARUQ,
  
  
  • The Egyptian Revolution,
  
  
  • A Strange Ending,
  
  
  
  


• 16 The Contest for Palestine
  
  
  • Origins,
  
  
  • Prefatory Remarks,
  
  
  • The Beginnings of Political Zionism,
  
  
  • Britain and the Palestine Problem,
    
    
    • AMIN AL-HUSAYNI, x • Contents
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 17 Israel's Rebirth and the Rise of Arab Nationalism
    
    
    • Israel's War for Independence,
    
    
    • The War's Aftermath,
    
    
    • The Arab Countries,
    
    
    • Israel's Early Years,
    
    
    • DAVID BEN-GURION,
    
    
    • Middle Eastern Oil,
    
    
    • The Great Powers and the Arab World,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 18 War and the Quest for Peace
    
    
    • The June 1967 War,
    
    
    • The Palestinians as a Political Force,
    
    
    • Abortive Peace Efforts,
    
    
    • Political Changes: 1967-1970,
    
    
    • Danger Signs in the Middle East,
    
    
    • The October (Yom Kippur) War,
    
    
    • The War's Aftermath,
    
    
    • ANWAR AL-SADAT,
    
    
    • Lebanon: The Arena for a New Arab Struggle,
    
    
    • The Road to Camp David,
    
    
    • Conclusion,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • 19 The Reassertion of Islamic Power
    
    
    • Prefatory Remarks on Islam and Politics,
    
    
    • The Iranian Revolution,
    
    
    • SAYYID RUHOLLAH MUSAUI KHOMEINI,
    
    
    • The Struggle for Persian Gulf Supremacy,
    
    
    • The Retreat from Camp David,
    
    
    • Western Policy Formation and Islamic Polity,
    
    
    
    
  
  
  
  


• 20 The Gulf War and the Peace Process
  
  
  • The Gulf Crisis,
  
  
  • Operation Desert Storm,
  
  
  • Palestinians and the Peace Process,
  
  
  • YASIR ARAFAT,
  
  
  • Whither Islam?,
  
  
  
  


• 21 The War on Terrorism
  
  
  • The Present in Historical Perspective,
    
    
    • Survey of Terrorism, Contents ••• xi
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • OSAMA BIN LADEN,
  
  
  • The Iraq War,
  
  
  • The Contest for Palestine (Redux),
  
  
  • A Parting Message,
  
  
  • Chronology
  
  
  • Glossary
  
  
  
  


• Bibliographic Essay


• Appendix


• Index
  
  
  • 1.1 Physical features of the Middle East 12- Maps
  
  
  • 2.1 Byzantine and Sasanid empires circa
  
  
  • 6.1 The Abbasid caliphate circa
  
  
  • 7.1 The Fatimids and the Seljuks circa
  
  
  • 9.1 The Mamluks and the Il-Khanids circa
  
  
  • 9.2 The Ottoman Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries
  
  
  
  


• 13.1 The Sykes-Picot Agreement,
  
  
  • 13.2 The Middle Eastern mandates,
  
  
  • 16.1 The United Nations partition plan for Palestine,
  
  
  • 18.1 Israel and the occupied territories, 1967-1973
  
  
  
  


• 18.2 The territorial situation at the end of the October 1973 war
  
  
  • 19.1 The Persian Gulf area
  
  
  
  


• 21.1 Iraq


• 21.2 The separation wall


• 21.3 The Middle East,
  
  
  • 5.1 The Hashimite clan, showing Shi'i imams Figures
  
  
  • 9.1 The sultans of the Ottoman Empire
  
  
  • A.I Basic Statistics for Middle Eastern Countries Tables
  
  
  • A.2 How Many Palestinians?