454 • Chronology
1718 Passarowitz treaty, Ottomans ceding some Balkan lands
1722 Afghans invade Persia, weakening Safavid dynasty
1729 Turkish printing press introduced in the Ottoman Empire
1736 Nadir expels Afghans from Persia, becoming shah
1739 Nadir Shah takes Delhi from Mughals; Belgrade treaty restores
some Balkan lands to Ottomans
1747 Assassination of Nadir Shah leads to anarchy in Persia
1768-1774 First Russo-Ottoman War
1774 Kuchuk-Kainarji treaty strengthens Russia on Black Sea and in
Balkans and lays basis for Russian claim to protect Orthodox
Christians
1789-1807 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Selim III, who starts nizam-i-jedid
1794-1925 Qajar dynasty in Persia
1798 Napoleon occupies Egypt
1799 After failing to take Acre, Napoleon returns to France;
Montenegro declares independence from Ottoman Empire
1802 Treaty of Amiens restores Ottoman control of Egypt
1804 First Serbian nationalist revolt
1805-1849 Reign of Mehmet Ali in Egypt
1806-1812 Ottoman Empire resumes war against Russia
1807-1808 Janissaries depose Selim, ending nizam-i-jedid
1808-1839 Reign of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II
1811 Mehmet Ali destroys Mamluks, attacks Arabian Wahhabis
1812 Bucharest treaty gives Bessarabia to Russia
1814 British treaty promises Persia protection from Russia
1817 Ottomans recognize Milosh Obrenovich as Serbian ruler
1820 Mehmet Ali starts conquest of Sudan; first British pacts with
Arab shaykhs in the Gulf Region
1821-1829 Greek war for independence
1826 Mahmud II massacres janissaries
1827 Europeans destroy Ottoman-Egyptian fleet at Navarino
1827-1829 Fourth Russo-Ottoman War
1829 Adrianople treaty grants Serbian autonomy, Greek
independence, and Balkan gains for Russia