Chronology • 4571910 Albanian revolt against Ottoman rule
1911 Russian pressure foils financial reforms in Persia; Italians invade
Libya; Kitchener takes power in Egypt
1912 Ottomans give up Libya; Serbia and Bulgaria take most
remaining European territories of the Ottoman Empire in first
Balkan War
1913 CUP seizes Ottoman government; Ottomans defeat Bulgaria in
second Balkan War; Albania independent; Germans send
military mission to Istanbul
1914 Ottomans enter World War I on Germany's side; Britain
annexes Cyprus, invades lower Iraq, and declares protectorate
over Egypt
1915 Ottomans attack Suez Canal; McMahon promises British
support for Arabs' independence if Hashimites rebel against
Ottoman rule; Allied troops land at Gallipoli but fail to capture
Dardanelles
1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement; Arab revolt against Turks starts
1917 Britain takes Iraq and Palestine, issues Balfour Declaration
1918 Arabs occupy Damascus, set up provisional government under
Faysal; Ottomans surrender; Allies occupy strategic Ottoman
areas
1919 Proposed Anglo-Persian treaty stirs national opposition;
Egyptians rebel against British; Paris Peace Conference sends
King-Crane Commission; Kemal (Ataturk) resists Greek
invasion of Turkey
1920 San Remo agreement gives mandates to Britain in Palestine and
Iraq, and to France in Syria; Ottomans sign Sèvres treaty, which
Kemal rejects; Faysal ousted; riots in Palestine; revolt in Iraq
1921 Reza Khan seizes power in Persia; British name Faysal king of
Iraq and Abdallah amir of Transjordan (cut off from Palestine)
1922 Britain ends Egypt protectorate, subject to Four Reserved
Points; Kemalist Turks expel Greek invaders
1923 Kemal abolishes Ottoman sultanate, declares Turkish Republic;
Lausanne Treaty ends Capitulations and Allied occupation of
Turkey; Egypt drafts constitution and holds elections1923-1938 Presidency of Kemal Ataturk in Turkey
1924 Kemal ends caliphate; Ibn Sa'ud takes Hijaz from Hashimites