474 • GlossaryDinshaway Incident (den-sha-WYE): British atrocity against Egyptian peasants
(1906)
diwan (dee-WAHN): (1) List of Arab troops entitled to share booty during early
conquests; (2) council of ministers; (3) collection of poems. The Persian and
Turkish word is divan
Dome of the Rock: Muslim shrine in Jerusalem, built in 692 on site of Jewish
Temple; site of Abraham's sacrifice and of Muhammad's miraculous night
journey
Druze: Pertaining to the secret religion practiced by some Arabs in Syria,
Lebanon, and Israel, and founded by Shaykh Darazi, who preached that the Fa-
timid Caliph al-Hakim was the last of a series of emanations from God
Dual Financial Control: Joint Anglo-French economic administration in Egypt
(1876-1882)
Eden, Anthony: British prime minister during 1956 Suez Affair
Edessa: Northwest Mesopotamian town and Crusader state (1098-1144)
Egyptian Expeditionary Force: British group that captured Palestine and Syria
during World War I
Eilat (ay-LAHT): Israel's port on the Gulf of Aqaba
Eisenhower Doctrine: Official US policy statement opposing spread of commu¬
nism in the Middle East (1957)
Elburz (el-BORZ): Mountain range in northern Iran
emirate: State ruled by an amir
Enver (EN-ver): Young Turk revolutionary leader (d. 1922)
Ertogrul (air-tuh-ROOL): Possibly mythic Turkish ghazi leader (d. ca. 1280), fa¬
ther of Osman I
Erzurum (air-zuh-ROOM): East Anatolian city; site of 1919 Turkish nationalist
congress
Eshkol, Levi (ESH-kol, LEH-vee): Israel's prime minister (1963-1969)
Ethiopia: East African country, mainly Christian since the fourth century, in¬
volved in Arabian politics up to Muhammad's time
Euphrates: The more western of Iraq's two rivers
Evren, Kenan (ev-REN, ke-NAHN): Leader of 1980 coup that restored order to
Turkey
Fahd (FEHD): Saudi Arabia's king (1982-)
faqih (fa-KEEH or faw-GHEE), pi. fuqaha (foo-ka-HAH): (1) Muslim legal ex¬
pert; (2) under Iran's 1979 constitution, the final lawmaking authority; (3) of¬
ficial title of the Ayatollahs Khomeini and Khamanei
al-Farabi (el-fa-RAW-bee): Muslim philosopher and theologian (d. 950)
Faruq (fa-ROOK): Egypt's last king (1936-1952)
al-Fatah (el-FET-ah): Palestinian guerrilla group founded by Yasir Arafat
al-Fatat (el-fa-TAT): Early Arab nationalist student group
Fatima (FAW-tee-ma): Muhammad's daughter, who married Ali