A Concise History of the Middle East

Index • 549

in Egypt, 187-195, 255-258
Islam and, 185-186
of Jews, 271-272
in Lebanon, 185
in Ottoman Empire, 195-196
in Palestine, 185
in Persia, 198-201,236,238
religion and, 186
in Syria, 301, 302
in Turkey, 198,227,228
umma and, 185
NATO, 267, 378
Natural resources, of Middle East, 9
Navies
Arab, 63,64, 74
British, 163,172,176,201,210
Byzantine, 64, 74, 84,91
Egyptian, 91,93,166,174
Islam, 59
Ottoman, 150, 178,197, 210
Portuguese, 146
U.S., 384
Nazis, 116, 241,253, 263, 271,282,
284-286,293, 294, 303, 306, 336,
358, 363
Near East. See Middle East
Negev, 293, 294,295, 389
Neoconservatives, 432-433
Neoplatonism, 120
Neoplatonist academy, 119
Nestorianism, 19,21,120,135
persecution of, 19
Netanyahu, Benjamin, 281,413,414,
416,433
Netherlands, 351
New Ottomans, 183,195,196
NewWafd,387
Newspapers. See Media
Nicea, 140
Nicean Council, 19
Nicholas II (czar), 3
Nicopolis, 141
Nile River, 8,16,60,91,93,100,187,189,
193,252,258,429
Nile Valley, 7,100,167,173, 255, 264,266,
304, 320

Nixon, Richard, 338, 346, 347, 351, 353

Nizam-i-jedid, 159,175

Noah, 36,46

Noble Rescript of the Rose Chamber, 178

Nomads, 8, 240

life of, 24

Norsemen, 98

North Africa, 4, 8, 17, 21, 55,65, 74, 77, 80,

85,87,90,167,275,308,475

North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

See NATO

Nur al-Din, 100

Nuri al-Sa'id, 264, 303,315, 318

Occupied territories, 333map, 348,350,

363, 369, 388,403,407,408,411,

414,421,439,441,444,445

October (1973) War, 329, 342, 344,

349-351, 352, 353map, 354,

355,357

Odessa, 210

Oil, 9

discovery of, 11,201,245, 398,428

embargo of, 350,351, 352, 354, 376

in Iran, 311

Persian discovery of, 201

prices of, 351, 354, 364,376, 387,400,

402,403,427

production of, 312, 350,355

revenues from, 10, 311-312

Saudi, 426

Oil embargo, 350-351

effects of, 354-355

Olim, 274,276, 277, 283

Oljeitu, 135

Olympic Games, 345

Oman, 80,90,223

basic statistics for, 530f

OPEC, 345, 350, 364, 379

Operation Desert Shield, 401,402,404

Operation Desert Storm, 404-406

Organization for Economic Cooperation

and Development, 234

Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries. See OPEC

Orhan (sultan), 141,142