Index • 551Pan-Arabism, 301, 304, 319,320, 326,
332,336
ebb tide of, 320-321
in Egypt, 304
Pan-Islam, 195-198,198. See also Islam
Pan-Slavism, 162,163,183,198,208.
See also Slavs
Pan-Turanism, 198,208
Paradise, 42,46, 56
Paris, 183,209,256,257,367
Paris Peace Conference, 214,217,226,256
Parthian dynasty. See Persia
Partition Plan. See Mandate system;
Palestine
Passfield, Lord, 283,284
Paul (apostle), 17
Peace, definition of, 365
Peace process, breakdown of, 439—440
Peasants, 94,98,134,144,149,151,153,
158,171,173,174,188,192,199,
234,236,240,254,262,266, 277,
283,320,321,373,385
revolts of, 171
as soldiers, 192
Peel Commission, 284
Pentagon attack, 419,431,433,434
Peres, Shim'on, 362,394,413,416,444
Perle, Richard, 432,433
Permanent Mandates Commission, 218
Persia, 5,7,8,16,80,85,101,235-241. See
also Achaemenid dynasty; Buyid
dynasty
art of, 21
Britain and, 181,236-237
constitution in, 236
constitutionalist movement in, 200-201
culture of, 17,21
empire of, 16-18
foreign resistance in, 199-200
Il-Khanid dynasty and, 135-136
Imperial Bank of, 199
as Iran, 239
languages of, 236
literature of, 121-122
Majlis in, 238
metalworking in, 20
nationalism in, 186,198-201,236,238
oil discovery in, 201
religious tolerance of, 20,21
as Rome rival, 17
Russia and, 236—238
Sasanid dynasty of, 20,22map, 27, 55,
57,58
Shi'ism and, 67
Soviet Union and, 237
tobacco in, 199
Persian Gulf, 165,380map. See also
Gulf War
control of, 379-384
crisis, 398-400
Persian language, 10, 58, 73,81
Personal relationships, under Islam,117-118
Peter the Great, 161
Petra, 24
PFLP. See Popular Front for the Liberation
of Palestine
Phalanges, 360,391
Philip, (French king), 101
Philip the Arab, 24
Philosophy
Hellenistic, 18,19,20,21,119
Islamic, 119-120
Pilgrimages, 48-49. See also Hajj
Pinsker, Leon, 275
Plan Dalet, 292
Playing cards, 5
Plebiscite, 219,267,376
Poetry, 122
of Arabs, 24,121,122
of Bedouin, 24
Islamic, 24,117
of Persia, 199
pre-Islamic, 24, 259
of Turks, 231
Poets' fair, 26
Pogroms, 273
Poland, 159,161,273,284,285,309
Policymaking, in Middle East, 394-396
Polo, 5
Polytheistic animism, of Arabia, 30
Pope Urban II, 98