CK-12 Physical Science Concepts - For Middle School

1 Introduction to Physical Science Foreword iv

1.1 Nature of Science

1.2 Scientific Induction

1.3 Scientific Theory

1.4 Scientific Law

1.5 History of Science

1.6 Women and People of Color in Science

1.7 Ethics in Science

1.8 Scope of Physical Science

1.9 Scope of Chemistry

1.10 Scope of Physics

1.11 Physical Science Careers

1.12 Nature of Technology

1.13 Technological Design Process

1.14 Technological Design Constraints

1.15 Technology and Science

1.16 Technology and Society

1.17 Technology Careers

1.18 Scientific Process

1.19 Observation

1.20 Hypothesis

1.21 Scientific Experiments

1.22 Field Study

1.23 Communication in Science

1.24 Replication in Science

1.25 International System of Units

1.26 Scientific Measuring Devices

1.27 Accuracy and Precision

1.28 Calculating Derived Quantities

1.29 Significant Figures

1.30 Scientific Notation

1.31 Descriptive Statistics

1.32 Scientific Graphing

1.33 Scientific Modeling

1.34 Safety in Science

1.35 References

2 Matter

2.1 Matter, Mass, and Volume

2.2 Physical Properties of Matter

2.3 Density Contents http://www.ck12.org

2.4 Chemical Properties of Matter

2.5 Elements

2.6 Compounds

2.7 Mixtures

2.8 Physical Change

2.9 Chemical Change

2.10 Conservation of Mass

2.11 States of Matter

2.12 Solids

2.13 Liquids

2.14 Gases

2.15 Plasma

2.16 Kinetic Theory of Matter

2.17 Changes of State

2.18 Freezing

2.19 Melting

2.20 Boiling

2.21 Evaporation

2.22 Condensation

2.23 Sublimation

2.24 Deposition

2.25 Boyle’s Law

2.26 Charles’ Law

2.27 Amontons’ Law

2.28 Atoms

2.29 Atomic Nucleus

2.30 Protons

2.31 Neutrons

2.32 Electrons

2.33 Fundamental Particles

2.34 Atomic Forces

2.35 Atomic Number

2.36 Ions

2.37 Isotopes

2.38 Democritus’ Idea of the Atom

2.39 Dalton’s Atomic Theory

2.40 Thomson’s Atomic Model

2.41 Rutherford’s Atomic Model

2.42 Bohr’s Atomic Model

2.43 Energy Level

2.44 Electron Cloud Atomic Model

2.45 Mendeleev’s Periodic Table

2.46 Modern Periodic Table

2.47 Metals

2.48 Nonmetals

2.49 Metalloids

2.50 Valence Electrons

2.51 Hydrogen and Alkali Metals

2.52 Alkaline Earth Metals

2.53 Transition Metals

2.54 Groups with Metalloids http://www.ck12.org Contents

2.55 Halogens

2.56 Noble Gases

2.57 References

3 Chemical Interactions

3.1 Chemical Bond

3.2 Chemistry of Compounds

3.3 Chemical Formula

3.4 Ionic Bonding

3.5 Ionic Compounds

3.6 Covalent Bonding

3.7 Molecular Compounds

3.8 Bond Polarity

3.9 Hydrogen Bonding

3.10 Metallic Bonding

3.11 Alloys

3.12 Chemical Reaction Overview

3.13 Reactants and Products

3.14 Reversible Reactions

3.15 Recognizing Chemical Reactions

3.16 Chemical Equations

3.17 Balancing Chemical Equations

3.18 Conservation of Mass in Chemical Reactions

3.19 Synthesis Reactions

3.20 Decomposition Reactions

3.21 Replacement Reactions

3.22 Combustion Reactions

3.23 Endothermic Reactions

3.24 Exothermic Reactions

3.25 Conservation of Energy in Chemical Reactions

3.26 Activation Energy

3.27 Chemical Reaction Rate

3.28 Catalysts

3.29 Carbon Bonding

3.30 Carbon Monomers and Polymers

3.31 Crystalline Carbon

3.32 Hydrocarbons

3.33 Saturated Hydrocarbons

3.34 Isomers

3.35 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

3.36 Biochemical Compound Classification

3.37 Carbohydrate Classification

3.38 Protein Classification

3.39 Lipid Classification

3.40 Nucleic Acid Classification

3.41 Biochemical Reaction Chemistry

3.42 Photosynthesis Reactions

3.43 Cellular Respiration Reactions

3.44 Enzymes as Catalysts

3.45 Solutions

3.46 Solute and Solvent Contents http://www.ck12.org

3.47 Rate of Dissolving

3.48 Properties of Solutions

3.49 Solubility

3.50 Saturation

3.51 Solution Concentration

3.52 Properties of Acids

3.53 Properties of Bases

3.54 pH Concept

3.55 Acid-Base Neutralization

3.56 Radioactivity

3.57 Radioisotopes

3.58 Dangers and Uses of Radiation

3.59 Radioactive Decay

3.60 Alpha Decay

3.61 Beta Decay

3.62 Gamma Decay

3.63 Radioactive Half-life

3.64 Half-life and Radioactive Dating

3.65 Nuclear Fission

3.66 Nuclear Fusion

3.67 Conservation of Mass and Energy in Nuclear Reactions

3.68 References

4 Motion and Forces

4.1 Motion

4.2 Distance

4.3 Direction

4.4 Speed

4.5 Position-Time Graphs

4.6 Velocity

4.7 Acceleration

4.8 Calculating Acceleration from Velocity and Time

4.9 Velocity-Time Graphs

4.10 Force

4.11 Combining Forces

4.12 Friction

4.13 Types of Friction

4.14 Gravity

4.15 Newton’s Law of Gravity

4.16 Einstein’s Concept of Gravity

4.17 Acceleration Due to Gravity

4.18 Projectile Motion

4.19 Orbital Motion

4.20 Elastic Force

4.21 Newton’s First Law

4.22 Inertia

4.23 Newton’s Second Law

4.24 Calculating Acceleration from Force and Mass

4.25 Mass vs Weight

4.26 Newton’s Third Law

4.27 Momentum http://www.ck12.org Contents

4.28 Law of Conservation of Momentum

4.29 Pressure in Fluids

4.30 Oceanic Pressure

4.31 Air Pressure and Altitude

4.32 Pascal’s Law

4.33 Bernoulli’s Law

4.34 Buoyancy

4.35 Archimedes’ Law

4.36 Work

4.37 Calculating Work

4.38 Power

4.39 Simple Machines

4.40 Efficiency

4.41 Mechanical Advantage

4.42 Inclined Plane

4.43 Wedge

4.44 Screw

4.45 Lever

4.46 Wheel and Axle

4.47 Pulley

4.48 Compound Machine

4.49 References

5 Energy

5.1 Energy

5.2 Kinetic Energy

5.3 Potential Energy

5.4 Forms of Energy

5.5 Energy Conversion

5.6 Non-Renewable Energy Resources

5.7 Renewable Energy Resources

5.8 Energy Use

5.9 Energy Conservation

5.10 Thermal Energy

5.11 Temperature

5.12 Heat

5.13 Specific Heat

5.14 Heat Conduction

5.15 Convection

5.16 Thermal Radiation

5.17 Thermal Conductors and Insulators

5.18 Heating Systems

5.19 Cooling Systems

5.20 External Combustion Engines

5.21 Internal Combustion Engines

5.22 Mechanical Wave

5.23 Transverse Wave

5.24 Longitudinal Wave

5.25 Surface Wave

5.26 Wave Amplitude

5.27 Wavelength Contents http://www.ck12.org

5.28 Wave Frequency

5.29 Wave Speed

5.30 Wave Interactions

5.31 Wave Interference

5.32 Sound Waves

5.33 Speed of Sound

5.34 Intensity and Loudness of Sound

5.35 Frequency and Pitch of Sound

5.36 Doppler Effect

5.37 Hearing and the Ear

5.38 Hearing Loss

5.39 Musical Instruments

5.40 Ultrasound

5.41 Electromagnetic Waves

5.42 Wave-Particle Theory

5.43 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

5.44 Electromagnetic Spectrum

5.45 Radio Waves

5.46 Microwaves

5.47 Light

5.48 X-rays

5.49 Gamma rays

5.50 Sources of Visible Light

5.51 Artificial Light

5.52 Visible Light and Matter

5.53 Color

5.54 Law of Reflection

5.55 Mirrors

5.56 Refraction

5.57 Lens

5.58 Optical Instruments

5.59 Vision and the Eye

5.60 Vision Problems and Corrective Lenses

5.61 Electric Charge and Electric Force

5.62 Electric Fields

5.63 Transfer of Electric Charge

5.64 Static Electricity and Static Discharge

5.65 Electric Current

5.66 Direct and Alternating Current

5.67 Chemical and Solar Cells

5.68 Electric Resistance

5.69 Electric Conductors and Insulators

5.70 Ohm’s Law

5.71 Electric Circuits

5.72 Series and Parallel Circuits

5.73 Electric Power and Electrical Energy Use

5.74 Electric Safety

5.75 Electronic Signal

5.76 Electronic Component

5.77 Electronic Device

5.78 Magnets http://www.ck12.org Contents

5.79 Ferromagnetic Material

5.80 Earth as a Magnet

5.81 Magnetic Field Reversal

5.82 Why Earth Is a Magnet

5.83 Using Earth’s Magnetic Field

5.84 Electromagnetism

5.85 Discovery of Electromagnetism

5.86 Solenoid

5.87 Electromagnet

5.88 Electromagnetic Devices

5.89 Electromagnetic Induction

5.90 Electric Generators

5.91 Electric Transformers

5.92 Electrical Grid

5.93 References

CK-12 Physical Science Concepts - For Middle School

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