nature of the questions raised along these lines (see Goldhill, Habinek,
Parker) are a far remove from the likes of Eric Havelock and Walter Ong.
What we find instead is an intense interest in particulars. In what may
be taken as aleitmotivof our current generation of scholarship, local
variation is found to trump generalizing tendencies. Where generalities
are put forward, these tend to be tentative, with deep alertness to the
probability of real, essential exceptions among individual examples. Even
an overarching cognitive theory (Olson) is grounded in recognition of
different types of readers, of real exceptions, that is, to the working
theoretical principle. It is this urgent attention to local variation that led
us to take over the plural of Thomas’s essay,Ancient Literacies, for the title
of this book.
There are other striking tendencies, again consistent with some dom-
inant themes of our scholarly era. Texts, reading, and writing are seldom
considered in and of themselves. Books are taken as symbolic material-
ities, having strong social valuation. Reading and writing are events, to be
analyzed in broad and deep context, carrying social and cultural valuation,
embedded in particular institutions or communities. Several themes re-
peat themselves, with variation, time and again: the sociology of literacy;
the importance of deep contextualization; the necessity to see literacy as
an integrative aspect within a larger sociocultural whole. It is this strong
set of themes that conditioned our subtitle to this volume,The Culture of
Reading in Greece and Rome.
As said at the outset, this volume speaks, intentionally, with disparate
voices. And yet within the whole one can, I think, sense a strong move-
ment away from earlier work in ancient literacy, work in our view gone
stagnant, toward a rich field of new inquiries that frame books, readers,
and reading more clearly and interestingly within study of the culture that
produced them.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Goody, J. 1977.The Domestication of the Savage Mind. Cambridge.
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Grillo, R. D. 1989.Dominant Languages: Language and Hierarchy in Britain and
France. Cambridge.
Harris, William V. 1989.Ancient Literacy. Cambridge, Mass.
Havelock, Eric A. 1963.Preface to Plato. Cambridge.
. 1986.The Muse Learns to Write: Reflections on Orality and Literacy from
Antiquity to the Present. New Haven.
Heath, Shirley Brice. 1982. ‘‘What No Bedtime Story Means: Narrative Skills at
Home and School.’’Language in Society11: 49 76.
Humphrey, J. H., ed. 1991.Literacy in the Roman World. Journal of Roman
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Introduction 9