Bibliography
Burkett, Randall. Black Redemption: Churchmen Speak for
the Garvey Movement.Philadelphia: Temple Univer-
sity Press, 1978.
Cronon, Edmund David. Black Moses: The Story of Marcus
Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Associa-
tion.Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1987.
Mackie, Liz. The Great Marcus Garvey.London: Hansib
Publishers, 1987.
Liberty League
An ambitious political organization founded in
1917 by HUBERTHARRISON, a native of St. Croix,
writer, and an early Socialist Party leader. The Lib-
erty League was the first group to embody the ide-
als of the New Negro Movement. It stood as a
powerful precursor of the Black Power Movement.
The Liberty League philosophy insisted on impor-
tance of race matters over class issues. The organi-
zation was a strong political voice and advocated
implementation of voting rights, civil rights, and
antilynching legislation.
In July 1917 Harrison invited MARCUSGAR-
VEYto make a public address, his first American
speech, in New York City. Garvey became a mem-
ber of the Liberty League in the years before he
founded the UNIVERSAL NEGRO IMPROVEMENT
ASSOCIATION(UNIA). His association with Harri-
son continued and included the appointment of
Harrison as editor of NEGROWORLD,the official
UNIA publication.
Bibliography
Perry, Jeffrey, ed. A Hubert Harrison Reader.Middletown,
Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 2001.
Life’s Sunshine and Shadows Mazie Earhart
Clark(1940)
A collection of poems by MAZIEEARHARTCLARK,
an Ohio-born poet. Clark published the volume in
1929 with the Cincinnati-based Eaton Publishing
Company. She used the pseudonym Fannie B.
Steele for the book, which included a number of
poems published in GARDEN OFMEMORIES,a col-
lection published in 1932.
Clark’s poems reflect her religious faith and
her devotion to her husband, a sergeant in the U.S.
Army who died in 1919. She offered her poems to
readers who might be in need of comfort. The cen-
tral themes in her poems emerge from Clark’s testi-
mony about life after the death of a loved one,
patriotism, romantic love, the soothing power of
nature, and the rewards of Christian faith.Bibliography
Boelcskevy, Mary Anne Stewart, ed. Voices in the Poetic
Tradition: Clara Ann Thompson, J. Pauline Smith,
Mazie Earhart Clark.New York: G. K. Hall, 1996.Lincoln Memorial
A WASHINGTON, D.C., memorial built in honor
of Abraham Lincoln, the 16th president of the
United States. Construction began in 1914, and
the memorial was dedicated in 1922 on Memorial
Day. The architect Henry Bacon, sculptor Daniel
Chester French, and artist Jules Guerin collabo-
rated on the impressive structure. The memorial
features a statue of Lincoln and 36 columns that
represent the states over which Lincoln presided
during his presidency. Copies of the Gettysburg
Address and the speech that he delivered at his
second inaugural ceremony also are housed at
the site.
It was at this historic site that MARIANAN-
DERSON, the acclaimed contralto, appeared on
Easter Sunday, 1939. She performed at the Lincoln
Memorial when the Daughters of the American
Revolution, compelled by racism, denied her ac-
cess to Constitution Hall. The concert drew some
75,000 people and did much to reveal the still-
entrenched racism in American society.Lincoln School for Nurses
Established in 1899, the Lincoln School for Nurses
was one of the most prestigious African-American
nursing programs. Its history dated back to the
1830s and efforts by Anne Mott and Mary
Shotwell to establish a home for indigent people
and the elderly. Known originally as the Home for
the Colored Aged, the institution expanded its
mission in the 1880s to include a hospital. The
Lincoln School for Nurses graduated its first class,
comprised of six students, in 1900. The organiza-
tion received its official charter in 1902.Lincoln School for Nurses 313