scholarship to attend Moody. Bethune, who in-
tended to become a missionary abroad, graduated
in 1893. She became an educational pioneer,
however, founding Bethune-Cookman Institute
and developing national networks that brought
her into contact with numerous Harlem Renais-
sance figures.
Bibliography
Findlay, James. Dwight L. Moody, American Evangelist,
1837–1899.Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1969.
Hansen, Joyce. Mary McLeod Bethune and Black Women’s
Political Activism.Columbia: University of Missouri
Press, 2003.
Moody, William. D. L. Moody.New York: Garland, 1988.
Robertson, Darrel. The Chicago Revival, 1876: Society and
Revivalism in a Nineteenth-Century City.Metuchen,
N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1989.
Sterne, Emma. Mary McLeod Bethune.New York: Knopf,
1957.
Moore, Fred Randolph (1857–1943)
A journalist and founding member of the NA-
TIONALURBANLEAGUE. Born in WASHINGTON,
D.C., Moore worked first in the federal govern-
ment as a messenger and served five secretaries of
the Treasury. He became the owner of the NEW
YORKAGEin 1907 and continued to write for
the newspaper until he was in his 80s. He became
editor of the Colored American Magazinewhen a
hostile takeover, engineered by BOOKERT. WASH-
INGTON, ousted the accomplished writer and edi-
tor Pauline Hopkins from the Boston-based
magazine. Moore also was a member of the Na-
tional Negro Business League.
Bibliography
Johnson, Abby Arthur, and Ronald Maberry Johnson.
Propaganda & Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of
African American Magazines in the Twentieth Cen-
tury.Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1979.
Morand, Paul(1888–1976)
A French diplomat and writer who published nu-
merous works, including two books about America
and peoples of African descent, that generated
critical interest during the Harlem Renaissance.
He was the son of Eugène and Marie-Louise
Charrier Morand. His father was a curator at the
Louvre and a dramatist, painter, and translator. As
a result, Paul Morand met many influential artists
and writers, including Auguste Rodin, Sarah Bern-
hardt, and Oscar Wilde. He was educated at the
Lycée Carnot and the University of Paris, and he
spent a year at Oxford. Morand married Hélène
Soutzo, a Romanian princess, in 1927.
Morand was a prolific author and poet, and
his earliest works were extremely well received.
The poet Ezra Pound provided the English transla-
tion of Morand’s second volume of poetry. Other
esteemed writers such as Marcel Proust enjoyed his
work.
During the late 1920s Morand’s diplomatic
career enabled him to travel widely throughout
Europe, Africa, and the Caribbean. His travels in-
fluenced his 1928 volume MAGIENOIRE,a book
whose title means “black magic” and which in-
cluded several short stories about people of color
in African countries, the West Indies, and in
America, often treated in a stereotypical and racist
fashion. The artist AARONDOUGLASprovided the
illustrations for the American publication of the
work that was produced by Viking Press in 1929.
Morand supported the Vichy government dur-
ing World War II and was subsequently exiled from
France. He was able to return to his native country
in 1953 and was elected to the Académie Française
in 1968. He died in July 1976.Bibliography
Guitard-Auviste, Ginette. Paul Morand.Paris: Éditions
universitaires, 1956.
Lemaître, Georges. Four French Novelists: Marcel Proust,
André Gide, Jean Giraudoux, Paul Morand.London:
Oxford University Press, 1938.
Morand, Paul. Black Magic,translated by Hamish Miles.
New York: Viking Press, 1929.Morehouse College
A historically black college located in ATLANTA,
Georgia, and the nation’s only African-American
college for men. It was founded in 1867 by William
Jefferson White, a Baptist minister, and Richard350 Moore, Fred Randolph