forthright political poems, such as the “Ballad of
Lenin” and “Song of Spain,” that exhorted workers
to seize their rightful due. A New Songconcluded
with the poem entitled “Union,” a piece that rec-
ognized racial differences and the need for all to
work together to “shake the pillars of those tem-
ples / Wherein the false gods dwell / And worn-out
altars stand / Too well defended.”
Hughes had several links to the IWO. His
friend LOUISETHOMPSON, the wife of WALLACE
THURMAN, worked for the organization. In April
1938 the Harlem branch of the IWO, at Thomp-
son’s suggestion, sponsored the debut performance
of Hughes’s newly established HARLEMSUITCASE
THEATREand its multi-genre show entitled Don’t
You Want to Be Free?Following the publication of A
New Song,the IWO invited Hughes to present sev-
eral lectures to their membership in different
American cities.
Bibliography
Berry, Faith, ed. Langston Hughes: Before and Beyond
Harlem.Westport, Conn.: Lawrence Hill & Com-
pany, 1983.
Hughes, Langston. A New Song.New York: International
Workers Order, 1938.
Rampersad, Arnold. The Life of Langston Hughes: I, Too,
Sing America.Vol. 1, 1902–1941.New York: Oxford
University Press, 1986.
New York Paul Morand(1930)
A travel book by PAUL MORAND, author of
MAGIENOIRE.First published in 1929, the En-
glish translation of 1930 was completed by
Hamish Miles and published by the Henry Holt
Company. The volume included illustrations by
Joaquin Vaquero.
The volume included narratives about
HARLEM, the New York Stock Exchange, Prohibi-
tion, BROADWAY, and other notable features and
institutions of NEWYORKCITY.
Bibliography
Lemaître, Georges. Four French Novelists: Marcel Proust,
André Gide, Jean Giraudoux, Paul Morand.London:
Oxford University Press, 1938.
Morand, Paul. New York.New York: H. Holt and Com-
pany, 1930.
New York Age
NEWYORKCITYnewspaper that was founded, in
part, by T. THOMASFORTUNE, who served as its
editor until 1907. The newspaper eventually be-
came a blatant pro–BOOKERT. WASHINGTONve-
hicle when it was taken over by FREDR. MOORE,a
faithful Washington ally who served as editor until- Despite contributions from writers like
CLEVELANDALLEN, the paper never achieved the
stature of other African-American newspapers
such as New York–based publications like the AM-
STERDAMNEWSor the CHICAGODEFENDER.
Bibliography
Johnson, Abby Arthur, and Ronald Maberry Johnson.
Propaganda & Aesthetics: The Literary Politics of
African American Magazines in the Twentieth Cen-
tury.Amherst: University of Massachusetts, 1979.
Osofsky, Gilbert. Harlem: The Making of a Ghetto: Negro
New York, 1890–1930. New York: Harper & Row,
1966.New York Amsterdam News See AMSTER-
DAMNEWS.New York City
The thriving urban city in New York State and the
location that was synonymous with the NEW
NEGROARTSMOVEMENT, or Harlem Renaissance.
Numerous members of the Harlem Renais-
sance period lived, worked, or studied in New York
City. Among those who relocated to the bustling
city were W. E. B. DUBOIS,RALPHELLISON,JESSIE
FAUSET,LANGSTONHUGHES,HELENEJOHNSON,
NELLA LARSEN,WALLACE THURMAN, and
DOROTHYWEST. It was home to influential pa-
trons such as CHARLOTTEOSGOODMASON,JOEL
and AMYSPINGARN, Madame C. J. Walker and her
daughter A’LELIAWALKER,JULIUSROSENWALD.
The city’s rich educational resources also at-
tracted talented teachers and students. Individuals
attended COLUMBIAUNIVERSITY,NEWYORKUNI-
VERSITY, the Rand School, and BARNARDCOL-
LEGE, and taught at high schools such as the
HARLEM ACADEMYand the DEWITTCLINTON
HIGHSCHOOL. Writers like RUDOLPHFISHERand
NELLALARSENalso pursued demanding careers in386 New York