yellow journalism, a term that is used to describe
the unseemly and wild promotional schemes that a
newspaper uses to generate sales.
After Pulitzer died in 1911, the paper began a
steady decline and ultimately merged with the
New York Evening Telegramto become the New
York World-Telegram.
Before his death, Pulitzer made plans to estab-
lish a school of journalism at COLUMBIAUNIVER-
SITY. He also endowed the PULITZERPRIZEs, awards
that recognized individuals who made significant
achievements in a variety of fields and professions.
Bibliography
Juergens, George. Joseph Pulitzer and the New York World.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966.
Seitz, Don Carlos. Joseph Pulitzer: His Life and Letters.
1924; reprint, Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Pub-
lishing Company, 1927.
Niagara movement
The movement that began in 1905 with a clandes-
tine and productive meeting near Niagara Falls,
New York. The group met in the Buffalo, New
York, home of MARYB. TALBERT, an outspoken
member of the community. The conference, in-
spired by the nearby Niagara Falls, chose to call it-
self the Niagara movement.
A number of the 27 activist intellectuals and
professionals who attended the first of several an-
nual meetings were instrumental in the formation of
the NATIONALASSOCIATION FOR THEADVANCE-
MENT OFCOLOREDPEOPLEin 1910. In later years,
meetings were held in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia,
and at Faneuil Hall in BOSTON, Massachusetts.
W. E. B. DUBOIS, the first African-American
Ph.D. at HARVARD UNIVERSITY, and WILLIAM
MONROETROTTER,a PHIBETAKAPPAgraduate of
Harvard and the editor of the Boston Guardian,were
the primary organizers of the movement. Also in-
volved were ATLANTAUNIVERSITYpresident JOHN
HOPE, journalist J. Max Barber, Alonzo Herndon,
and Clement Morgan. The conference and resulting
movement were dedicated to challenging the violent
political, economic, and social disenfranchisement of
African Americans. The participants also were uni-
fied in their rejection of BOOKERT. WASHINGTON’s
accommodationist philosophies. The manifesto of
the conference underscored the impatience and in-
tent of its members: “We want full manhood suffrage
and we want it now... We are men! We want to be
treated as men. And we shall win.”
The Niagara movement ended in 1910 when
the NAACP was established.Bibliography
Broderick, Francis. W. E. B. Du Bois, Negro Leader in a
Time of Crisis.Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University
Press, 1959.
Dennis, Rutledge. W. E. B. Du Bois: The Scholar as Ac-
tivist.Greenwich, Conn.: JAI Press, 1996.
Fox, Stephen. The Guardian of Boston: William Monroe
Trotter.New York: Atheneum, 1970.
Jack, Robert. History of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People.Boston: Meador
Publishing Company, 1943.
Jackson, Florence. The Black Man in America,
1905–1932.New York: Watts, 1974.
Lewis, David Levering. W. E. B. Du Bois: Biography of a
Race, 1868–1919.New York: Henry Holt and Com-
pany, 1993.Nickel and a Prayer, AJane Edna Harris
Hunter(1940)
The autobiography of JANEEDNAHARRISHUNTER,
an enterprising social activist, nurse, and attorney.
The volume chronicles Hunter’s experiences as
she worked to establish the Phillis Wheatley Asso-
ciation, a residence and training school for
African-American women in Cleveland.
The history that Hunter recalls in her autobi-
ography provides vital details about the uplift activ-
ities, educational accomplishments, and economic
ventures of African Americans before and during
the Harlem Renaissance era.
A Nickel and a Prayerwas one of several auto-
biographies published by Harlem Renaissance fig-
ures. Others included A LONGWAY FROMHOME
(1937) by CLAUDEMCKAY,THEBIGSEA(1940)
by LANGSTONHUGHES, and DUSTTRACKS ON A
ROAD(1942) by ZORANEALEHURSTON.Bibliography
Hunter, Jane Edna. A Nickel and a Prayer.Nashville,
Tenn.: Parthenon Press.Nickel and a Prayer, A 389