World History, Grades 9-12

18 Years of Democratic Struggles

1980 1985

1995

1995

1990

1990

2000

2000

1989

Poland Legalizes Solidarity trade

union; agrees to free elections

Germany Opens Berlin Wall and

starts reunification process

Hungary Disbands Communist Party

Czechoslovakia Holds free elections

Romania Overthrows a dictator

SETBACKS TO

DEMOCRACY

PROGRESS TOWARD

DEMOCRACY

1983 Argentina

Holds first free

election in 37 years

1983 Nigeria

Military overthrows

civilian rule

1985 Brazil

Elects civilian

government

1991 Soviet Union

Breaks up peacefully

into 15 republics

1996 South Africa

Adopts new constitution

1999 Nigeria

Holds free elections

2000 Mexico Ends

71 years of PRI rule

1986 Soviet Union

Begins economic

reforms

1989 China

Government massacres

protesters calling for democracy 1993 Russia

Yeltsin orders troops

to attack opponents in

parliament building

1991 Yugoslavia

Ethnic conflicts lead to breakup

of country; years of war follow

1066 Chapter 35

TERMS & NAMES

For each term or name below, briefly explain its connection to
the democratic movements that took place from 1945 to the
present.

1.PRI 5.glasnost

2.apartheid 6.Lech Walesa

3.Nelson Mandela 7.Deng Xiaoping

4.Mikhail Gorbachev 8.Tiananmen Square

MAIN IDEAS

Case Study: Latin American Democracies Section 1

(pages 1033–1039)

9.What are four common democratic practices?

10.What group held up democratic progress in both Brazil

and Argentina until the 1980s?

The Challenge of Democracy in Africa Section 2

(pages 1040–1045)

11.What brought about the civil war in Nigeria?

12.What were three significant steps toward democracy taken

by South Africa in the 1990s?

The Collapse of the Soviet Union Section 3

(pages 1046–1051)

13.What were the main reforms promoted by Soviet leader

Mikhail Gorbachev?

14.What was the August Coup and how did it end?

Changes in Central and Eastern Europe Section 4

(pages 1052–1058)

15.Which nations overthrew Communist governments in 1989?

16.What led to the breakup of Yugoslavia?

China: Reform and Reaction Section 5 (pages 1059–1065)

17.What changes took place in China during the 1970s?

18.How did the Chinese government react to demands for

democratic reform?

CRITICAL THINKING

1.USING YOUR NOTES

List several leaders who helped their

nations make democratic progress.

For each, cite one positive action.

2.ANALYZING ISSUES

What are some examples from this

chapter in which the negative impact of one culture on

another blocked democratic progress?

3.SYNTHESIZING

Consider what conditions helped democratic movements

succeed and what conditions caused difficulties for them.

What do you think were their hardest challenges?

4.DRAWING CONCLUSIONS

How does a nation’s economy affect its

democratic progress?

5.SUMMARIZING

What were Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms for China?

ECONOMICS

CULTURAL INTERACTION

Chapter
35

Assessment

Leader Nation Positive

Action