World History, Grades 9-12

760 Chapter 26

opposed Lincoln, who had promised to stop the spread of slavery. One by one,

Southern states began to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. These states came

together as the Confederate States of America.

On April 12, 1861, Confederate forces fired on Fort Sumter, a federal fort in

Charleston, South Carolina. Lincoln ordered the army to bring the rebel states back

into the Union. The U.S. Civil Warhad begun. Four years of fighting followed, most

of it in the South. Although the South had superior military leadership, the North

had a larger population, better transportation, greater resources, and more factories.

These advantages proved too much, and in April 1865, the South surrendered.

Abolition of Slavery Lincoln declared that the war was being fought to save the

Union and not to end slavery. He eventually decided that ending slavery would help

to save the Union. Early in 1863, he issued the Emancipation Proclamation,

declaring that all slaves in the Confederate states were free.

At first, the proclamation freed no slaves, because the Confederate states did not

accept it as law. As Union armies advanced into the South, however, they freed

slaves in the areas they conquered. The Emancipation Proclamation also showed

European nations that the war was being fought against slavery. As a result, these

nations did not send the money and supplies that the South had hoped they would.

In the aftermath of the war, the U.S. Congress passed the Thirteenth Amendment

to the Constitution, which abolished slavery in the United States. The Fourteenth

and Fifteenth Amendments extended the rights of citizenship to all Americans and

guaranteed former slaves the right to vote.

Reconstruction From 1865 to 1877, Union troops occupied the South and

enforced the constitutional protections. This period is called Reconstruction. After

federal troops left the South, white Southerners passed laws that limited African

Analyzing Issues

The Crusades

Emancipation

Proclamation reflect

a change in

Lincoln’s main goal

for the war?

1861–65

1861–62

1864 1863

1863

1864

1865

1862

186

2 –^6

3

Gettysburg, 1863

Antietam, 1862

Bull Run, 1861

Ft. Sumter, 1861

(Charleston)

Shiloh,

1862

Chattanooga,

1863

Vicksburg, 1863

Atlanta,

1864

New York

Washington, D.C.

Richmond

Savannah

Goldsboro

New Orleans

Memphis

St. Louis

Chicago

Boston

Philadelphia

Baltimore

Gulf of Mexico

ATLANTIC

OCEAN

Mi

ssis

sip

piR

ive

r

Ohi

oRi

ver

80

°W

85

°W

75

°W

40 °N

35 °N

30 °N

70

°W

ILLINOIS

IOWA

MISSOURI

KENTUCKY

TENNESSEE

VIRGINIA

W.VA.

PENNSYLVANIA

NEW YORK

NEW JERSEY

DEL..

ARKANSAS

MISSISSIPPI

ALABAMA GEORGIA

FLORIDA

SOUTH

CAROLINA

NORTH

CAROLINA

LOUISIANA

INDIANA

OHIO

VT.

MASS.

R.I.

N.H.

CONN.

0 250 Miles

(^0) 400 Kilometers
United States
Confederate States
Union advances
Major battle
Civil War in the United States, 1861–1865
Civil War Deaths
0
100
200
300
400
Union
(in thousands)
Confederacy
GEOGRAPHY SKILLBUILDER: Interpreting Maps
1.MovementWhat can you tell about the strategy of the North to defeat the South?
2.Human-Environment InteractionWhich side do you think suffered the most
devastation? Why?