nach St. Petersburg: Das russische Reich im 17. Jahrhundert,inForschungen zur osteuro-
païschen Geschichte56 (2000): 167–85 and herSophia, Regent of Russia, 1657– 1704
(New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990).
On“sacred violence,”see myCrime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia(Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2012); Giorgio Agamben,Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and
Bare Life, trans. Daniel Heller-Roazen (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1998);
René Girard,Violence and the Sacred, trans. Patrick Gregory (Baltimore and London:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1977).
On non-Russians using the courts, see myBy Honor Boundand“Russian Law in a Eurasian
Setting: The Arzamas Region, Late Seventeenth–Early Eighteenth Century,”in Gyula
Szvak, ed.,The Place of Russia in Eurasia(Budapest: Magyar Ruszisztikai Intézet, 2001),
200 – 6.
On northern and Siberian provincial architecture through the seventeenth century, see
William Craft Brumfield’s series“Architectural Legacy in Photographs”on provincial
towns, published in Moscow by“Tri Kvadrata”: Tot’ma (2005), Tobolsk (2006), Irkutsk
(2006), Cherdyn’(2007), Solikamsk (2007), Buriatiia (2008), Chita (2008), Usol’e
(2012). Other works on local architecture include: Ravil Bukharaev,The Kremlin of
Kazan through the Ages(London: Curzon Press on behalf of Kazan Council of People’s
Deputies, 2000); Ojārs Spārītis and Jānis Krastin̦š,Architecture of Riga Eight Hundred
Years: Mirroring European Culture(Riga: Nacionālais apgāds, 2005); O. Druh and Iu.
Ferentseva, eds.,Kyiv: History. Architecture. Traditions(Kyiv: Baltiia-Druk, 2011).
For political succession: Janet Martin,Medieval Russia, 980– 1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995); myKinship and Politics; A. P. Pavlov,“Fedor Ivanovich and
Boris Godunov (1584–1605),”in Perrie, ed.,Cambridge History of Russia, 264–85. On
the Time of Troubles: Sergei Platonov,The Time of Troubles: A Historical Study of the
Internal Crises and Social Struggle in Sixteenth and Seventeenth-Century Muscovy, trans.
John T. Alexander (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1970); Chester Dunning,
Russia’s First Civil War: The Time of Troubles and the Founding of the Romanov Dynasty
(University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2001); Maureen Perrie,“The
Time of Troubles 1602–1613,”in Perrie, ed.,Cambridge History of Russia, 409–31. On
political negotiations in the Time of Troubles, see Robert O. Crummey,“‘Constitution-
al’Reform during the Time of Troubles,”in Crummey, ed.,Reform in Russia and the
U.S.S.R. (Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989), 28–44; Hans-Joachim
Torke,“From Muscovy towards St. Petersburg, 1598–1689,”in Gregory L. Freeze, ed.,
Russia: A History, 2nd edn. (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2002),
55 – 86; Lindsey Hughes,Sophia, Regent of Russia, 1657– 1704 (New Haven: Yale Uni-
versity Press, 1990).
On sacralization, see B. A. Uspenskij and V. M. Zhivov,“Tsar and God: Semiotic Aspects
of the Sacralization of the Monarch in Russia,”in Uspenskij and Zhivov,“Tsar and God”
and Other Essays in Russian Cultural Semiotics, ed. Marcus C. Levitt (Boston: Academic
Studies Press, 2012), 1–112; Sergei Bogatyrev,“Ivan the Terrible Discovers the West:
The Cultural Transformation of Autocracy during the Early Northern Wars,”Russian
History34 (2007): 161–88. On pretenderism in theory, see B. A. Uspenskii,“Tsar and
Pretender:Samozvanchestvoor Royal Imposture in Russia as a Cultural-Historical Phe-
nomenon,”in Uspenskij and Zhivov,“Tsar and God,” 113 – 52. On political practice, see
Maureen Perrie,Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia: The False
Tsars of the Time of Troubles(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Psychological and physiological interpretation of Ivan the Terrible: Edward L. Keenan,
“The Tsar’s Two Bodies,”unpubl. lecture 1975,“How Ivan Became‘Terrible’,”Harvard158 The Russian Empire 1450– 1801