Marvelous Possessions: The Wonder of the New World(Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1991); Anthony Pagden,European Encounters with the New World: From Renais-
sance to Romanticism(New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993).
John Brewer on Britain’s eighteenth-centuryfiscal apparatus:The Sinews of Power: War,
Money, and the English State, 1688– 1783 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
1990). Charles Tilly on state building:Coercion, Capital, and European States, AD
990 – 1992,rev. pbk. edn. (Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992) and the classic collection
he edited with Gabriel Ardant,The Formation of National States in Western Europe
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).
Maps tracking the growth of the Russian empire: Alan F. Chew,An Atlas of Russian History:
Eleven Centuries of Changing Borders, rev. edn. (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1970); Martin Gilbert,Atlas of Russian History, 2nd edn. (New York: Oxford University
Press, 1993). Invaluable detail is provided by maps included in the otherwise outdated
Ocherki istorii SSSR: B. D. Grekov, ed.,Ocherki istorii SSSR, 9 vols. (Moscow: Izd-vo
Akademii nauk, 1953–8).
Muscovite economic and political change as“modernization”: Jarmo Kotilaine and Mar-
shall Poe, eds.,Modernizing Muscovy: Reform and Social Change in Seventeenth-Century
Muscovy(London and New York: Routledge, 2004). See also Jarmo Kotilaine,Russia’s
Foreign Trade and Economic Expansion in the Seventeenth Century: Windows on the World
(Leiden: Brill, 2005).
Foreign travelers on Russia’s trade potential include Giles Fletcher (in Russia 1588) and
Adam Olearius (to Russia and Persia, 1633–9, 1643): Giles Fletcher,“Of the Russe
Commonwealth,”in Lloyd E. Berry and Robert O. Crummey, eds.,Rude and Barbarous
Kingdom: Russia in the Accounts of Sixteenth-Century English Voyagers(Madison: Univer-
sity of Wisconsin Press, 1968), 109–246; Adam Olearius,The Travels of Olearius in
Seventeenth-Century Russia, trans. and ed. Samuel H. Baron (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford
University Press, 1967).
On Russian trade: Janet Martin,Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and its
Significance for Medieval Russia(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986) and her
Medieval Russia 980– 1584 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995); Paul Bush-
kovitch,The Merchants of Moscow, 1580– 1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1980).
On Indian traders, see Scott Levi,“India, Russia, and the 18th-Century Transformation of
the Central Asian Caravan Trade,”in Scott Levi, ed.,India and Central Asia: Commerce &
Culture, 1500– 1800 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007), 93–122; Stephen Frederic
Dale,Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600– 1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-
versity Press, 1994) (including the 1684 petition against Indian traders); Audrey Burton,
The Bukharans: A Dynastic, Diplomatic and Commercial History, 1550– 1702 (Richmond:
Curzon, 1997). On Ottoman trade, see Halil Inalcik and Daniel Quataert,An Economic
and Social History of the Ottoman Empire, 1300– 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-
sity Press, 1994).
On Armenians: Rudolph P. Matthee,The Politics of Trade in Safavid Iran: Silk for Silver,
1600 – 1730 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Sebouh David Aslanian,
From the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean: The Global Trade Networks of Armenian
Merchants from New Julfa (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011); Philip
D. Curtin,Cross-Cultural Trade in World History(Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1984).
On Siberian trade in the global context: Morris Rossabi,“The‘Decline’of the Central Asian
Caravan Trade,”in James D. Tracy, ed.,The Rise of Merchant Empires: Long-Distance
Trade, Tax, and Production 205