Onraznochintsy: Elise Kimerling Wirtschafter,Social Identity in Imperial Russia(DeKalb,
Ill.: Northern Illinois University Press, 1997).For a brief biography of Mikhail Lomo-
nosov, see Michael D. Gordin,“Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765),”in S. M. Norris and
W. Sunderland, eds.,Russia’s People of Empire(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University
Press, 2012), 71–9. On towns and townsmen, see J. Michael Hittle,The Service City:
State and Townsmen in Russia, 1600– 1800 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press,
1979); B. N. Mironov and Ben Eklof,The Social History of Imperial Russia, 1700– 1917
(Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2000).
An English translation of Catherine II’sInstructionof 1767 is Vol. 2 of Paul Dukes,Russia
under Catherine the Great, 2 vols. (Newtonville, Mass.: Oriental Research Partners,
1977); on the“middling people,”arts. 377–8. Translation of the 1785 Charter to
Towns is in David Mark Griffiths and George E. Munro,Catherine II’s Charters of
1785 to the Nobility and the Towns(Bakersfield, Calif.: C. Schlacks, Jr., 1991).
On Moscow and its environs: Alexander M. Martin,Enlightened Metropolis: Constructing
Imperial Moscow, 1762– 1855 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013); Lindsey Martin,
“Policing and the Creation of an Early Modern City: Moscow under Catherine the Great,
1762 – 1796,”Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, 2015; Priscilla R. Roosevelt,Life
on the Russian Country Estate: A Social and Cultural History(New Haven: Yale University
Press, 1995). On St. Petersburg: George E. Munro, The Most Intentional City:
St. Petersburg in the Reign of Catherine the Great(Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson
University Press, 2008). Michael F. Hamm provides a brief introduction to eighteenth-
century Kyiv: Kiev: A Portrait 1800– 1917 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014).
For small towns: A. B. Kamenskii,Povsednevnost’russkikh gorodskikh obyvatelei: Istor-
icheskie anekdoty iz provintsial’noi zhizni XVIII veka(Moscow: Rossiiskii gosud. gumani-
tarnyi universitet, 2006); Judith Pallot and Denis J. B. Shaw,Landscape and Settlement in
Romanov Russia, 1613– 1917 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).
On urban planning, see Robert E. Jones,“Urban Planning and the Development of
Provincial Towns in Russia, 1762–1796,”in John Gordon Garrard, ed.,The Eighteenth
Century in Russia(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973), 321–44; D. O. Shvidkovsky,Russian
Architecture and the West(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2007).
On the economy, see Robert E. Jones,Bread upon the Waters: The St. Petersburg Grain
Trade and the Russian Economy, 1703– 1811 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,
2013); Arcadius Kahan and Richard Hellie,The Plow, the Hammer, and the Knout: An
Economic History of Eighteenth-Century Russia(Chicago: University of Chicago Press,
1985); Gilbert Rozman,Urban Networks in Russia, 1750–1800 and Premodern Period-
ization(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976).
On merchants and townsmen: David L. Ransel,A Russian Merchant’s Tale: The Life and
Adventures of Ivan Alekseevich Tolchënov, Based on his Diary(Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana
University Press, 2009) and his“Neither Nobles nor Peasants: Plain Painting and the
Emergence of the Merchant Estate,”in Valerie A. Kivelson and Joan Neuberger, eds.,
Picturing Russia: Explorations in Visual Culture(New Haven: Yale University Press,
2008), 76–80; Jones,Bread upon the Waters. Tale of Sutulov’s wife: Basil Dmytryshyn,
ed.,Medieval Russia: A Source Book, 850– 1700 , 3rd edn. (Fort Worth and Chicago: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1991). On foundling homes: David L. Ransel,Mothers of
Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988). John
Parkinson’s memoir:A Tour of Russia, Siberia and the Crimea, 1792– 1794 (London:
Cass, 1971).
Towns, Townsmen, and Urban Reform 395