Buriats 63–5, 85–6, 89, 287, 401– 2
Bursa 32, 235
Bushkovitch, Paul 242, 250, 252, 262, 277,
365, 369, 398
Byzantine culture/style 5, 129–30, 132–3, 136,
149, 157, 169, 269, 414, 454, 456
Byzantium 2–4, 32, 34, 42, 98, 169–70, 247,
252, 259–60, 262, 275, 290, 345
emperors of 12, 48, 136
cadasters 177, 183, 201, 224
Cadet School 304, 376, 433, 438
Holiday Time 438
Caesar Augustus 130
Caffa 34, 45, 66–7, 114
Cairo 31, 235
cameralism 11, 103, 111, 292, 306
Cameron, Charles 284, 290
Canada 21, 23, 420
capitalism 188
Cardis, Treaty of 14
Caribbean, the 29
Carlsbad 457
Carpathians, the 21
cartographyseemaps/mapping
Caspian Sea 2–3, 15–16, 25, 32, 44, 57, 59, 80,
84, 93, 95, 97, 179, 193, 195,
202 – 3, 296, 323, 357
ports 35, 42, 56, 457
Caspian steppe 9, 13, 34, 57–8, 84, 93–4, 101,
113, 362, 401
Catherine I (Empress of Russia) 279–80, 288–9,
316, 390, 436
Catherine II (Empress of Russia) 11, 110–11,
125, 261, 275, 277–8, 281–6, 294,
303, 308, 317, 321, 329, 334, 339,
347, 357, 366, 370–1, 374–7,
385 – 7, 389–91, 405, 408, 413,
417, 423–4, 430, 433–5, 438–40,
443 – 4, 449– 51
actions of 89, 94–5, 100, 103, 105, 108–10,
118 – 20, 122, 124–5, 271, 275–6,
282, 288, 290, 295, 298, 306–8,
311 – 12, 314, 318–19, 322, 324,
326 – 7, 330, 332–3, 336, 338, 340,
342, 348, 352, 355, 361, 363, 372,
377, 381, 383, 387, 392, 397, 399,
401, 403, 407, 415, 419, 424, 430,
438, 445–6, 452, 454, 459– 60
campaigns of 84
diplomacy of 16
policies of 113–15, 123–4, 292, 316, 372,
379 – 80, 385, 394, 404
reforms ofsee underreforms
works by 11
Instruction of 1767113, 126, 275, 327,
334, 348, 352, 366, 372, 374–6,
395 – 6, 408, 423
Tale of Prince Khlorus(1781) 438
Catholicism 10, 12, 37, 46, 48, 73–5, 77, 144,
146, 244–5, 247, 250, 252–3,
256 – 7, 262, 377, 396–8, 403–4,
411, 413, 415, 420–5, 430, 435,
454, 456;see alsoPope, theand
religionandtoleration, religiousand
Vatican, the
Roman Catholic Ecclesiastical College 404
Caucasus, the 9, 21, 25, 31, 46, 50, 56–7, 66–7,
71, 82, 84, 95, 97–8, 102, 105,
115, 171, 310, 330–1, 357–8, 363,
407
Celts 80, 451
censorship 439
censuses 111, 178, 224, 307, 336–7, 352
center, the (rule from Moscow; historic
heartland) 2–6, 161, 207, 267, 271,
305 – 7, 310, 313–14, 361, 390, 458
Central Asia 21, 25–6, 32, 36, 51, 58, 71, 84,
89, 91, 94, 192, 194–5, 240
centralization 35, 173, 177, 200, 211, 213, 301,
303, 312, 314, 382, 457;see also
decentralization
Chancellor, Anthony 52, 188
chanceries 170, 173, 175–6, 179, 183, 212,
217, 301–3, 305, 311, 313, 340,
386, 389
Chancery for Apothecaries 212, 260
Chancery for Construction of State Roads 340
Chancery for Criminal Law 233
Chancery of Elders (Don Cossacks) 100
Chancery of Foreign Affairs 179, 216, 302
Chancery of Land Administration, Moscow 239
Chancery of Land Records 173, 175, 216
Chancery for Musketeers 212
Chancery for the New Model Army 212
Chappe d’Auteroche, Jean Baptiste 290, 452
Charlemagne 43
Charles I (of England) 198
Charles XII (of Sweden) 15–16, 107
Charter of Nobility (1785) 112, 115, 120, 122,
125, 214, 289, 311, 355, 360, 367,
427, 434, 447
Charter to Towns (1785) 112, 120, 124, 289,
345, 355, 381, 384–5, 387
Cheliabinsk 371
Cheliadniny boyar clan 210
chelobit’e seepetitions
Chechens 97– 8
Cherdyn’ 145
Cheremis/Mari 42, 56, 69, 89, 91, 309,
359, 362
Cherkassk 72, 232
Cherkasskaia, Mariia 57
Cherkasskie princes 57
Chernigov 13–14, 43, 52, 111, 324, 336,
411, 431
College 110
Chernobyl 42466 Index