towns and cities (cont.)
Magdeburg Law towns 103, 107, 112, 121,
238, 378, 384, 459
running ofseegovernment, local
townsmen 150, 202, 208, 218, 222, 224,
235 – 6, 238–40, 243, 311, 321,
326, 331, 344–5, 358, 367, 375,
378 – 83, 386, 388, 391, 395, 404,
415, 428
plight of 120, 217, 299, 328
trade 2, 11, 26, 28, 32, 34–6, 38, 40, 43, 47,
50 – 3, 57, 62, 67, 71, 97–8, 162,
187 – 99, 205, 226, 240–3, 270,
316, 321–7, 330, 333, 341–2, 347,
355, 364, 375, 392–4, 432;see also
marketsandmercantilism
balance of 191
centers of 50, 55–7, 84, 91, 145, 187, 192–3,
196 – 7, 199, 202, 236, 288, 322–3,
384 – 5, 387, 390, 457– 8
development of 15, 47, 52, 124, 180,
203, 378
exports 10, 18, 73, 91, 109, 188–9, 192, 199,
202 – 3, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326–7,
342 – 3, 369, 383
illegal 62, 198
impact of 58, 67
imports 26, 190, 193, 383
income fromsee underincome
international 41, 49, 99, 195, 204, 240,
333, 389
liberalization of 316, 326
links 35– 6
missions 16
monopolies 52, 120, 144, 192, 196– 8
networks of 2–3, 26, 33, 35, 42, 46–8, 50,
52, 66, 109, 124, 192–4, 198–9,
236, 321–2, 341–2, 369, 393, 457;
see alsotrading routes
policy 196–9, 318, 324–5, 327
ports 43, 46, 50, 53, 189–90, 199, 322– 4
privilege tosee underprivileges
relations 85, 192, 196
shifts in 50
in slaves/serfs 46, 54, 58, 66–7, 98, 115, 366;
see alsoslavery
tariffs on 38, 107, 188–9, 243, 323–5, 327,
333;see alsocustoms barriers
freedom from 52
trade routes 3, 5, 11, 25, 41, 43–5, 49, 51–2,
60, 71, 85, 89, 179, 188, 190–2,
195, 199, 323–4, 339, 342,
345, 450
control of 55
maritime 36, 187, 191, 198, 202–3, 318,
321, 341–2, 362;see alsoshipping
Silk Roads vii, 3, 5, 25, 32, 36, 40–1, 71, 98,
192, 195
Sukhona-Northern Dvina river system 47
Volga river system 13, 36, 42–3, 45, 48,
50 – 1, 187, 191, 194–5, 199,
202 – 3, 323, 362
trading 58, 109
tradition 229–31, 233, 270
Trakhaniotovs, the 173
Trans-Kama line 163
Transylvania 17
travel/transport 25, 38, 161, 167, 178, 181–2,
205, 295, 318, 321, 323, 339–43,
345, 390–1;see alsocommunication
andtrade routes
by coach 339– 41
canals and rivers 25, 38, 165, 321, 333, 335,
341 – 2, 345, 352, 362, 369, 382,
452
documents 343
roads 38, 87–8, 160–1, 179–81, 183–4, 187,
225, 318, 321, 323, 335, 339–41,
352, 384, 386
Treasury, the 180, 212, 240, 242, 299, 308,
317 – 19, 328, 337, 340, 343, 363
Trediakovskii, V. K. 376–7, 435–7, 443
Tretiakovs, the 380
trials 260
Trial of Shemiaka,The 349 – 50
Trieste 29
Trinity St. Sergii Monastery 143–4, 202,
248, 251
Trivolis, Michael 254
Troitskii, S. M. 304– 5
tropes about Russia 1, 7, 461
Tsareborisov 68
Tsarev Alekseev 163
Tsaritsyn 165, 195, 407
Tsarskoe 110
Tsarskoe selo 275, 284
Tula 24, 28, 67, 163, 180–1, 204, 320, 357,
379, 383
Tula-Serpukhov industrial region 203
Tunguz 29, 64, 85, 89, 232
Tuptalo Rostovskij, Dimitrij 410–11, 413
Tura River 51
Turkey 17, 420
alliances against 13– 15
crusades against 12–13, 420– 1
culture of 72, 141, 435
Russia in conflict with 17, 421
Turkish War of 1735–9 16, 84, 100, 103,
281 – 2
Turkish War of 1768–74 84, 100, 105, 111,
328, 333, 348, 370
Turkish War of 1787–92 84, 100, 105, 114–15,
298, 332
Turkish wars 84, 100, 103, 299, 307, 346
Turks 41, 59, 97, 124, 192, 275–6, 333, 357,
385, 420– 1
Turner, Victor 169
Turukhansk 60494 Index