An American History

ORIGINS OF THE COLD WAR ★^913

feared German rearmament. But France and other victims of Nazi aggression
saw NATO as a kind of “double containment,” in which West Germany would
serve as a bulwark against the Soviets while integration into the Western alli-
ance tamed and “civilized” German power. The North Atlantic Treaty was the
first long- term military alliance between the United States and Europe since
the Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France during the American Revolu-
tion. The Soviets formalized their own eastern European alliance, the Warsaw
Pact, in 1955.

COLD WAR EUROPE, 1956

The division of Europe between communist and noncommunist nations, solidified by the
early 1950s, would last for nearly forty years.

Lisbon

Paris

London Berlin

Prague

Warsaw

Budapest

Bucharest

Sofia

Tirane

Athens

Ankara

Bonn

FRANCE

LUXEMBOURG

PORTUGAL SPAIN ITALY

BRITGREAAINT

IRELAND

NORWAY

SWEDEN FINLAND

GERMANWESTY

EAST POLAND

GERMANY

DENMARK

SWITZERLAND

BELGIUM

NETHERLANDS

CZECHOSLOVAKIA

AUSTRIA

HUNGARY

YUGOSLAVIA

ALBANIA

BULGARIA

GREECE

ROMANIA

TURKEY

SYRIA IRAQ

SAUDI

ARABIA

JORDAN

LEBANON

ISRAEL

LIBYA EGYPT

TUNISIA

AL(FranceGERIA)

MOROCCO

SOVIET UNION

ICELAND

Crete(Great BritaiCYPRUSn)

Sicily

Sardinia

C orsica

NorthSea

Mediterranean Sea

Black^ Sea^

Red Se

a

Balt

ic^ S

ea^

Atlantic

Ocean

WeBerlinst

BerlinEast

Berl

in (^) W
all, (^1)
(^961)
Occupation Zones
AmericanBritish FrenchSoviet
0
0
250
250
500 miles
500 kilometers
NAWarsaw TO countriesPact countries
What series of events and ideological conflicts prompted the Cold War?