A-48 ★ GLOSSARY
protest American territorial expansion,
especially in the Philippine Islands; its
membership included prominent poli-
ticians, industrialists, labor leaders, and
social reformers.
Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia
Site of the surrender of Confederate
general Robert E. Lee to Union general
Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, marking
the end of the Civil War.
Army- McCarthy hearings Televised
U.S. Senate hearings in 1954 on Senator
Joseph McCarthy’s charges of disloyalty
in the army; his tactics contributed to his
censure by the Senate.
Arnold, Benedict A traitorous American
commander who planned to sell out the
American garrison at West Point to the
British. His plot was discovered before it
could be executed and he joined the Brit-
ish army.
Articles of Confederation First frame of
government for the United States; in effect
from 1781 to 1788, it provided for a weak
central authority and was soon replaced
by the Constitution.
Atlanta Compromise Speech to the
Cotton States and International Exposi-
tion in 1895 by educator Booker T. Wash-
ington, the leading black spokesman of
the day; black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois
gave the speech its derisive name and
criticized Washington for encouraging
blacks to accommodate segregation and
disenfranchisement.
Atlantic Charter Agreement issued
August 12, 1941, following meetings in
Newfoundland between President Frank-
lin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minis-
ter Winston Churchill, that signaled the
Allies’ cooperation and stated their war
aims.
Atlantic slave trade The systematic
importation of African slaves from their
native continent across the Atlantic
Ocean to the New World, largely fueled byAmerican System Program of internal
improvements and protective tariffs pro-
moted by Speaker of the House Henry
Clay in his presidential campaign of 1824;
his proposals formed the core of Whig ide-
ology in the 1830s and 1840s.
American system of manufactures A
system of production that relied on the
mass production of interchangeable parts
that could be rapidly assembled into stan-
dardized finished products. First perfected
in Connecticut by clockmaker Eli Terry
and by small- arms producer Eli Whitney
in the 1840s and 50s.
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990
law that prohibited the discrimination
against persons with disabilities in both
hiring and promotion. It also mandated
accessible entrances for public buildings.
the Amistad Ship that transported slaves
from one port in Cuba to another, seized
by the slaves in 1839. They made their way
northward to the United States, where the
status of the slaves became the subject of
a celebrated court case; eventually most
were able to return to Africa.
Anglican Church The established state
church of England, formed by Henry VIII
after the pope refused to annul his mar-
riage to Catherine of Aragon.
annuity system System of yearly pay-
ments to Native American tribes by which
the federal government justified and insti-
tutionalized its interference in Indian
tribal affairs.
Antietam, Battle of One of the bloodiest
battles of the Civil War, fought to a stand-
off on September 17, 1862, in western
Maryland.
Anti- Federalists Opponents of the Con-
stitution who saw it as a limitation on
individual and states’ rights; their demands
led to the addition of a Bill of Rights to the
document.
Anti- Imperialist League Coalition of
anti- imperialist groups united in 1899 to