Logic and Theory of Knowledge 119
and among the non-simple propositions are the conditional and the para-
conditional and the compound and the disjunctive and the causal and
that which indicates the more and that which indicates the less ....
[There is a lacuna here.] and a contradictory, for example, 'It is not the
case that it is day.' A species of this is the double contradictory. A double
contradictory is the contradictory of a contradictory, for example, 'It is
not the case that it is <not> day'. It posits that it is day.
- A negative [proposition] is that which is composed of a negative
particle and a predicate, for example, 'no-one is walking'. A privative is
that which is composed of a privative particle and a potential proposition,
for example, 'This [man] is unphilanthropic'. A predicative is that which
is composed of a nominative case and a predicate, for example, 'Dion is
walking'. A predicational is that which is composed of a demonstrative
nominative case and a predicate, for example, 'This [man] is walking'.
An indefinite is that which is composed of an indefinite particle or
indefinite particles , for example, 'someone is walking'
and 'that [man] is in motion'.
- Of the non-simple propositions, a conditional is, as Chrysippus
says in his Dialectics and Diogenes in his Art of Dialectic, that which is
compounded by means of the conditional conjunction 'if'. This conjunc-
tion indicates that the second [proposition] follows the first, for example,
'if it is day, it is light'. A paraconditional [inference] is, as Krinis says
in his Art of Dialectic, a proposition which is bound together by the
conjunction 'since', and which begins with a proposition and ends with
a proposition, for example, 'since it is day, it is light.' The conjunction
indicates that the second [proposition] follows the first and that the first
is the case. 72. A compound is a proposition which is compounded by
certain compounding conjunctions, for example, 'both it is day and it is
night'. A disjunctive is that which is disjoined by the disjunctive conjunc-
tion, for example, 'either it is day or it is night'. This conjunction indicates
that one of the two propositions is false. A causal proposition is one put
together by means of'because', for example, 'because it is day, it is light'.
For the first is, as it were, the cause of the second. A proposition which
indicates the more is one put together by means of the conjunction
which indicates 'more', and the [conjunction] 'than' put between the
propositions, for example, 'It is more day than it is night'. 73. The
proposition indicating the less is the opposite of the preceding, for exam-
ple, 'It is less night than it is day'.
Again, among propositions, those are opposed to each other with
respect to truth and falsehood where one is the contradictory of the other;
for example, 'it is day' and 'it is not day'. A conditional is true if the
opposite of the conclusion conflicts with the antecedent, for example, 'if
