Biographical Directory 305man interdependence in society threatens human freedom and natural
goodness. In addition to these more philosophical writings, Rousseau
explicitly sought a popular audience through his literary writings, such
as his romantic novel Julie, or the New Heloise (1761), which was a
hugely popular best seller at the time. In political theory one of Rous-
seau’s most infl uential ideas, that of the general will, is articulated in
The Social Contract (1762). At the end of his career, Rousseau also
wrote several important autobiographical works including The Confes-
sions (1764 –1766) and Reveries of the Solitary Walker (1776 –1778).
Sappho (c. 625 –570 BCE). Greek lyric poet. Born on the island of Lesbos,
she is the most famous of several female poets from Lesbos who wrote
at that time. Her poetry is marked by an emotional intensity and by
themes of passionate love and appreciation of beauty.
Sidney, Philip (1554 –1586). Model of the courtier and gentleman in the
English Renaissance. He was a poet, diplomat, soldier, and courtier.
Wollstonecraft quotes his Arcadia (1590), a pastoral prose romance,
which also included poetry.
Solomon (c. 985 – c. 925 BCE). Son of David and King of Israel c. 970 –
c. 925 BCE. He rebuilt Jerusalem and established the fi rst Hebrew
temple there. He is, throughout history and literature, portrayed as es-
pecially wise.
Smith, Adam (1723 –1790). Philosopher and economic theorist. He was a
member of the Scottish Enlightenment and student of David Hume. His
best known works include The Wealth of Nations (1776), in which he
refuted the claims of mercantilist political economy, and The Theory of
Moral Sentiments (1759). Wollstonecraft cites Smith, but is also critical
of his version of moral sense philosophy as articulated in The Theory of
Moral Sentiments.
Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688 –1772). Swedish scientist, mathematician, and
theologian. On the basis of several mystical experiences he developed
a religious system known as Swedenborgianism, which combined ele-
ments of Christianity, pantheism, and theosophy. Wollstonecraft counts
him and Rousseau among those “specious reasoners” who perpetuate
an “abject” portrait of “an accomplished woman” who has charms, but
no moral vigor. Wollstonecraft read and reviewed his On Marriages in
Heaven; and On the Nature of Heavenly Conjugal Love (1789).
Swift, Jonathan (1667–1745). Also known as Dean Swift. This great Irish
poet and satirist is best known for works such as A Journal to Stella
(1710 –1713), Drapier’s Letter (1724), and A Modest Proposal (1729).
The Rights of Woman uses as examples characters from Swift’s most