Index 385
evolution of, 176–177
Federal Election Campaign Act
(FECA), 176
501(c)4 organizations, 179–180
527 organizations, 178
independent expenditures,
17 7–17 8
interest groups and, 176–180
Internet and, 138
issue advocacy advertising,
17 7
political action committees
( PA C s), 176 –17 7
president as fund-raiser,
232–233
presidential candidate
committees, 180
public financing for primaries,
180
r e g u l a t i n g, 176 –17 7
soft money, 177
super PACs, 178, 179
Campaigns
advertising, 135–136
candidate-centered, 174
candidate visibility and appeal,
17 5
changes in, from those earlier,
174 –17 5
coattail effect and, 205
federal employees and, 260–261
financing (See Campaign
financing)
focus groups and, 175
interest groups and assistance
with, 152
Internet and, 138
managing news coverage, 137
media and, 135–139
negative advertising, 135–136
opinion polls and, 175
political consultants and,
174 –17 5
power of incumbency, 205, 206
presidential debates, 137
pr o f e s s i o n a l , 174 –17 5
twenty-first century, 172–175
winning strategy of, 175
Canada
federal system of government
in, 47
lobbying by, 151
U.S. oil imports from, 305without majority of vote, 226
election of 2004, 161
demographics and, 122
enemy combatant detainees,
278
federal government’s reach
expanded by, 58
federalization of National
Guard, 53
financial crisis of 2008 and
deregulation, 256
as fund-raiser, 233
immigration reform, 304
Iraq war and, 228, 230, 325–
326, 337
Iraq War and, 11
judicial appointment, 284, 285
Keynesian economics, 310
lobbying reform, 154
No Child Left Behind Act, 58
partial-birth abortions, 83
plan to end governmental
inefficiency, 248
public approval of, 233
signing statements and, 237
tax cuts, 312
war on terrorism, 235, 278,
324–325
warrantless wiretaps, 87
waterboarding and, 336
Bush Doctrine, 325
Bush v. Gore (2000), 292–293
Business cycle, 309
Business interest groups, 146
Busing, 97C
Cabinet
defined, 238
kitchen, 239
members of, 238–239
presidential use of, 239
Cabinet departments
defined, 251
listed, 254–255
president and, 251
Campaign financing, 175–180
Bipartisan Campaign Reform
Act, 177
Buckley v. Valeo, 176
Citizens decision, 177, 178, 287
current environment of, 177–
180policymaking and, 264–267
political appointees, 258–259
private, 248–249
privatization and, 262
public, 248–249
reform, modern attempts at,
261–264
size of, 249–250
spoils system, 259
staffing, 258–261
sunset legislation, 261–262
sunshine laws and, 261
whistleblowers and, 263–264
Bureaucrats, as policymakers and
politicians, 264–267
Bureau of the Budget, 241
Burger, Warren, 76
Burma, 3
Burr, Aaron, 226
Bush, George H. W., 230
appointments by, 103
approval rating of, 130
armed forces ordered by
into combat without
congressional approval,
337
into Middle East, 228
into Panama, 228
election of 1992, 166
First Gulf War and, 325
Flag Protection Act, 74
foreign policy and, 341
judicial appointment and, 284
plan to end governmental
inefficiency, 248
reregulation and, 256
Soviet Union and, 341
Bush, George W., 236
approval rating of, 130
armed forces ordered by
invasion of Afghanistan, 228
invasion of Iraq, 228
in Iraq, 325–326, 333
bank bailout, 257–258
Cheney as vice president, 242
election of 2000, 161
demographics and, 122
electoral college, 185, 226
Latino vote, 124
Muslim American support for,
124
Supreme Court decision and,
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