GLOSSARY A5
fair use. The legal concept that no formal permission
is needed when a work of art or literature is copied
or quoted for limited purposes including criticism,
parody, and scholarship.
fasola. A system of four-syllable solmization associated
with shape-note singing.
fermata. In music notation, an indication of a held
note or chord.
fi eld holler. An agricultural work song for a solitary
singer.
fi eld music. Military music involving fi fes and drums.
fi ll. In jazz, rock, and other popular styles, a brief
instrumental passage played while a singer rests.
fi lm musical. A musical comedy either written
expressly for the movies or adapted for the screen
from a stage musical.
fi ngerpicking. The playing of a guitar or other
plucked string instrument directly with the indi-
vidual fi ngers of the right hand, rather than with
a pick.
folk hymn. A hymn in which religious words are set to
a secular tune.
folk sphere. See traditional sphere.
forte. A loud dynamic.
four on the fl oor. A loud bass drum stroke on every
beat of a bar in four-beat duple meter, a character-
istic sound in disco.
fourth. The interval between two scale degrees sepa-
rated by two intervening degrees.
free jazz. Modern jazz style reliant on improvisation
and avoiding traditional tunes, repeating chord
progressions, and regular pulse.
frequency. The speed at which a sounding object is
vibrating, heard as pitch.
front line. In a New Orleans jazz ensemble, the mel-
ody instruments, such as cornet, clarinet, and
trombone.
frottoir. In zydeco, a washboard-like instrument of
corrugated metal that the player wears like a vest.
fuging tune. A psalm or hymn tune containing
at least one “fuging” section, where individual
voice parts enter at different times with a similar
melody.
full cadence. A phrase ending that sounds fi nal, as at
the end of a piece.
fundamental. The lowest partial in the overtone
series.
funk. Black popular style of the 1970s featuring com-
plex polyrhythmic textures.
fusion. See jazz-rock fusion.G-funk. A style of beat pioneered by Dr. Dre for gang-
sta rap, featuring relaxed tempos, varied textures,
hypnotic grooves, complex bass lines, and high-
pitched synthesizer countermelodies.
gallery orchestra. In the worship of early Calvinist
Protestants, a group of instrumentalists in the rear
balcony, or gallery, of a meeting house.
gamelan. An Indonesian percussion orchestra.
gangsta rap. West Coast hip-hop genre of the 1980s
whose lyrics focus on criminal behavior.
gapped scale. A scale in which some adjacent pitches
are separated by at least a minor third; the penta-
tonic scale is one type of gapped scale.
girl group. Any of the female vocal harmony groups
popular in the early 1960s.
glee. An unaccompanied song for three or more solo
singers.
gospel hymn. A sacred song in a popular style and
format.
gospel music. A form of sacred music that draws on
popular styles, such as blues (in black gospel) or
gospel hymns and barbershop quartet singing (in
white gospel).
groove. The use of dance-rhythm ostinatos to estab-
lish a sustained mood.
grunge. An alternative rock style of the early 1990s,
originating in Seattle, that often expresses senti-
ments of cynicism, despair, and futility.
habanera. A long-long-short rhythm characteristic of
Caribbean-derived music.
hair band. Any 1980s heav y metal band that affected the
outlandish hair and costumes of British glam rock.
half cadence. A phrase ending that sounds
inconclusive.
half chorus. A musical unit consisting of half of a
popular song’s thirty-two-bar aaba chorus, either
aa or ba.
half step. The smallest interval in the chromatic scale;
also called a semitone.
hammer-on. Guitar technique of plucking a string
just before forcefully placing a left-hand fi nger
behind a fret.
hard bop. A modern jazz style emphasizing gritty tim-
bres, heavily accented rhythms, and a close connec-
tion with jazz’s roots in the blues.
hardcore punk. A 1980s version of punk featuring
longer solos, more complex drumming, and guitar
effects such as extreme distortion.
Harmon mute. A type of trumpet or trombone mute
producing a pinched, nasal timbre.172028_99a_A1-A13_GLO_r1_ka.indd A5 23/01/13 11:22 AM