The Musical as Drama

musicals. Rodgers and Hammerstein had earlier tried highly
unusual book shows that smacked of the concept musical, Alle-
groand Me and Juliet, and so had Alan Jay Lerner and Kurt
Weill in Love Life, but these experiments depended on complex
and sprawling plots, whereas Cabaretknew how to condense an
idea into metaphor—the rise of Nazism seems to take place in
a seedy Berlin nightclub. (The metaphor was largely created
by director Hal Prince.) The heroine, Sally Bowles, leads two
lives, one as the girlfriend of the male lead, which is about
where she stands in the Christopher Isherwood story and the
John Van Druten play on which the musical is based, the other
as a singer in a nightclub, where she belts out tunes like the ti-
tle song. “Life is a cabaret, old chum,” she sings in her musical
version, celebrating the destructive hedonism she and the oth-
ers live by in their book selves. Sharpen this doubleness by
making her aware of her divided selves, let her become a com-
mentator on the self-destructiveness of her life, and this would
be a Brechtian drama. That does not happen, but the song-
and-dance formats inserted into the Isherwood story about the
rise of Nazism jostle the show into political connections be-
tween fascism and popular entertainment, and since audiences
at Cabaretare themselves watching popular entertainment, the
metaphor opens out into the show’s performance itself. The
concept musical often has such a metadramatic or mirroring
effect, a matter discussed in the concluding chapter of this
book.
Kander and Ebb went on to another metaphorical concept
show, Chicago, where vaudeville routines laid out by director
and choreographer Bob Fosse comment on the system of jus-
tice and imprisonment in Chicago in the 1920s. (Fosse was de-
veloping an idea from the play Chicagoby Maureen Watkins,
on which the musical is based.) Roxie Hart, who has ambitions
to become a nightclub singer, murders her lover in “real” life
and is imprisoned, where she finds that the legal system is al-
ready a vaudeville show. By the end, she has teamed up with
another murderess/songstress and returned to civilian life,
where they also become vaudeville stars. Kander and Ebb and
Fosse and Prince were advancing upon the convention by

INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENCE 23