Taxonomy and Classification ❮ 165
Answers and Explanations
- D—Chlorophytes are green algae that are the
common ancestors of land plants. Chemo-
autotrophs are monerans that produce energy
from inorganic substances. Choanoflagellates are
the organisms thought to be the starting point
for the animal kingdom’s phylogenetic tree.
Chordata includes the invertebrates and verte-
brates, and cnidarians are radially symmetric
organisms such as jellyfish.
- B—Jellyfish and coral are both cnidarians of the
animal kingdom.
- D—Since the bryophytes were the first plants to
brave the land, they were still somewhat depen-
dent on water and also needed protection for
their gametes. The gametangia provided a safe
haven for the gametes where fertilization and
zygote development could occur. Answer choices
A and B were adaptations made by seedless vas-
cular plants. Answer choices C and E were adap-
tations made by the gymnosperms.
- B—Karaokeplayerscanorderfreegrapesoda or
King Phillip came over for good spaghetti
(enough said).
- D—Hyphae are associated with fungi. The other
parts are all associated with flowers.
- E—Take a look at Figure 13.1 for this one; the
deuterostomes were indeed the last to branch off.
- E
- A
- D
- B
Rapid Review
Quickly review the following terms:
Taxonomy:Classification of organisms based upon the presence or absence of shared char-
acteristics: kingdom →phylum (division) →class→order→family→genus→species.
Five-kingdom system:Monera→Protista→Plantae→Fungi→Animalia.
Six-kingdom system:Archaebacteria→ Eubacteria→ Protista→Plantae→ Fungi→
Animalia.
Kingdom Monera
Autotrophs(producers) versus heterotrophs(consumers).
Obligate aerobes(require O 2 ) versus obligate anaerobes(noO 2 ) versus facultative anaerobes
(either or).
Archaebacteria:halophiles (salt), methanogens (methane-producers), thermoacidophiles
(hot and acidic).
Eubacteria:bacteria classified according to movement, shape, nutritional methods.
Endosymbiotic theory:eukaryotes originated from a symbiotic partnership of prokaryotic cells.
Kingdom Protista
Plant-like protists:photosynthetic algae; all contain chlorophyll a.
Animal-like protists:heterotrophic protists (protozoa).
Fungus-like protists:absorptive protists that resemble fungi.
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