5 Steps to a 5 AP Biology, 2014-2015 Edition

198 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

Muscular System

MUSCLE TYPE STRIATED? NUCLEI? CONTROL? WHERE IS IT FOUND?

Skeletal Yes Multiple Voluntary Biceps, triceps, etc.

Smooth No Single Involuntary Digestive tract, bladder, arteries.

Cardiac Yes Single Involuntary Heart.

Endocrine System

Anterior pituitary hormones

• FSH:stimulates production of eggs or sperm.


• LH:stimulates ovulation, increases estrogen/progesterone release.


• TSH:increases release of thyroid hormone.


• STH:increases growth.


• ACTH:increases secretion of adrenal cortical hormones.


• Prolactin:controls lactogenesis, decreases secretion of GnRH.
  Pancreatic hormones


• Insulin:increases glycogen formation.


• Glucagon:increases glycogen breakdown.
  Parathyroid hormone(PTH) increases blood Ca^2 +involved in bone maintenance.
  Posterior pituitary hormones


• ADH:stimulates H 2 O reabsorption in kidneys.


• Oxytocin:stimulates uterine contraction and milk ejection.
  Adrenal gland hormones


• Aldosterone:regulates blood sodium concentration.


• Cortisol:chronic stress hormone.
  Sex hormones


• Progesterone:involved in menstrual cycle and pregnancy.


• Estrogen:made in ovaries; increases release of LH (LH surge); develops female sec-
  ondary sex characteristics.


• Testosterone:(testes): stimulates sperm production; develops male secondary sex
  characteristics.

Negative feedback:hormone acts to directly, or indirectly, inhibit further release of the hor-

mone of interest.

Positive feedback:hormone acts to directly, or indirectly, cause increased secretion of the

hormone.

Nervous system:divided into two parts: central nervous system(CNS) and peripheral

nervoussystem(PNS).

• SNS:controls skeletal muscles and voluntary actions.


• ANS:controls involuntary activities of body.