220 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
Animal Behaviors- Agonistic behavior:conflict behavior over access to a resource. Often a matter of which
animal can mount the most threatening display and scare the other into submission. - Dominance hierarchies:ranking of power among the members of a group; subject to
change. Since members of the group know the order, less energy is wasted in conflicts
over food and resources. - Territoriality:defense of territory to keep others out.
- Altruistic behavior:action in which an organism helps another at its own expense.
- Reciprocal altruism:animals behave altruistically toward others who are notrelatives,
hoping that the favor will be returned sometime in the future. - Foraging:feeding behavior of an individual. Animals have a search image that directs
them to food. - Optimal foraging:natural selection favors those who choose foraging strategies that
maximize the differential between costs and benefits. If the effort involved in obtain-
ing food outweighs the nutritive value of the food, forget about it. - Inclusive fitness:the ability of individuals to pass their genes not only through the pro-
duction of their own offspring, but also by providing aid to enable closely related indi-
viduals to produce offspring. - Coefficient of relatedness:statistic that represents the average proportion of genes two
individuals have in common. The higher the value, the more likely they are to altruis-
tically aid one another.
Communication- Chemical:communication through the use of chemical signals, such as pheromones.
- Visual:communication through the use of visual cues, such as the tail feather displays
of peacocks. - Auditory:communication through the use of sound, such as the chirping of frogs in
the summer. - Tactile:communication through the use of touch, such as a handshake in humans.