Answers and Explanations
124 STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
- C—The tuning fork is the CS and salivation is
the CR. Pavlov’s dog learned to salivate to the
tuning fork. - B—The definition of shaping is reinforcing
behaviors that get closer and closer to the goal. - E—Variable interval is correct. John doesn’t
know when a fish will be on his line. Catching
fish is unrelated to the number of times he pulls
in his line, but rather to whenhe pulls in his line. - C—Tokens serve as secondary reinforcers the
chimps learned to respond to positively. They
were connected with the primary reinforcer—
grapes. - C—Greg transferred from the class to avoid
having to see his old girlfriend. Avoidance is one
type of negative reinforcement that takes away
something aversive. - B—Watson and Raynor’s experiment with Little
Albert showed emotional learning and phobias
may be learned through classical conditioning. - B—The stomach virus is the UCS that automati-
cally caused him to get sick. The mushrooms are
the CS which he learned to avoid because of the
association with the virus that caused his sickness.
8. B—Learned helplessness occurs when an organ-
ism has the experience that nothing it does will
prevent an aversive stimulus from occurring.
9. A—Insight learning is the sudden appearance of
a solution to a problem. - B—The animal showed understanding of a
concept when it was able to tell the difference
between the red and green circles, and only
pecked at the green circle to get a reward. - E—Latent learning is defined as learning in the
absence of rewards. - B—The rats were biologically prepared to associ-
ate two external events, like shock and the lights
and sounds together. - C—The fish swimming to the top of the
tank when the light goes on shows classical
conditioning. - B—Spontaneous recovery occurs when a condi-
tioned response is extinguished, but later reap-
pears when the CS is present again without
retraining.
Rapid Review
Learning—a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience (nurture).Classical conditioning—learning which takes place when two or more stimuli are pre-
sented together; an unconditioned stimulus is paired repeatedly with a neutral stimulus
until it acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. The subject learns to give a
response it already knows to a new stimulus. Terms and concepts associated with classi-
cal conditioning include:- Stimulus—a change in the environment that elicits (brings about) a response.
- Neutral stimulus (NS)—a stimulus that initially does not elicit a response.
- Unconditioned stimulus (UCS or US)reflexively, or automatically, brings about
the unconditioned response. - Unconditioned response (UCR or UR)—an automatic, involuntary reaction to an
unconditioned stimulus. - Conditioned stimulus (CS)—a neutral stimulus (NS) at first, but when paired
with the UCS, it elicits the conditioned response (CR).
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