- B—Incentive theory discusses both the primary motives, such as hunger and sex, that
push behavior, and the secondary motives, like achievement and money, that are pulled
by incentives or rewards found in the environment. - B—According to the Yerkes-Dodson inverted U graph of arousal, average tasks require
a moderate level of arousal, very difficult tasks like this one require a moderately low
level of arousal, and very easy tasks require a moderately high level of arousal. Very low
and very high arousal levels are never optimal because we need some arousal to do well,
but too high a level agitates us. - B—According to the James-Lange theory, we are aware of feeling emotions after the
physiological and behavioral responses occur to environmental stimuli. I see the bear,
I start to run, and then I realize I am afraid. - D—The lateral hypothalamus (LH) is the “on” button that initiates eating behavior
when food is not in our stomachs or small intestines, which is indicated by lack
of cholecystokinin and high levels of insulin. - D—Homeostasis is a balanced internal state. When the sympathetic nervous system is
activated, the parasympathetic nervous system works to return the body to homeo-
stasis. - C—Most teens are looking to belong to groups and feel acceptance from others, which
corresponds to Maslow’s third level in his hierarchy—love and belonging needs. - B—Adit’s conflict situation involves only one choice, to buy or not to buy the truck,
and thus this is the approach-avoidance situation. There is both a positive and a nega-
tive consequence to buying the new truck. - A—The alarm stage is the first part of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. The tennis
player is probably in a state of shock and her stress at not making the team will cause
the sympathetic nervous system to be activated. In the second stage of resistance, her
coping skills will probably lessen her stress after the initial shock. - E—Three characteristics of the Type A personality have been found to be positively
correlated with heart disease—anger, hostility, and cynicism. - A—In the overjustification effect here, an intrinsically rewarded behavior was turned
into an extrinsically rewarded behavior and, thus, when the rewards were taken away
by the parents, the behavior diminished. - C—Cross-cultural studies conducted by Paul Ekman and others seem to support
identification of six basic facial expressions across all cultures, but different display
rules, depending on the culture. - C—Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones are associated with sexual arousal in
humans. - B—People with a high need for achievement want to feel successful. If they select easy
tasks, they are expected to be able to do them and don’t feel very successful. If they
select difficult tasks, their likelihood of success is limited. By completing challenging
but achievable tasks, they feel successful.
Rapid Review
Motiveis a need or a want that causes us to act. Motivationdirects and maintains
goal-directed behavior. Motivational theories explain the relationship between physio-
logical changes and emotional experiences.Theories of motivation include:- Instinct theory—physical and mental instincts such as curiosity and fearfulness
cause us to act. Instincts are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors.
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