- B—Group therapy is effective for all of the reasons given, with the exception that it
does utilize a trained professional. Psychotherapists are necessary in this dynamic
process to give needed direction and counseling to all involved clients. - C—REBT, devised by Albert Ellis, can be a very confrontational cognitive treatment.
The hope is that by facing the irrationality of their belief systems, clients like Drew will
become more rational in how they view the world. - B—Antabuse is an aversive therapy because of the punishing effects of the nausea,
which, through repeated pairings, leads to the extinction of the desire for alcohol. As in
all classically conditioned therapies, occasional pairing of the alcohol and Antabuse will
be necessary to maintain its effectiveness over the long term. - A—A psychiatrist would prescribe lithium carbonate for Andre’s symptoms of bipolar
disorder. Though the chemical nature of mania is not completely understood, the
metal lithium is effective with many patients. However, care must be taken to avoid
lithium poisoning. Some patients might still suffer depressive symptoms, and a combi-
nation of an antidepressant drug with lithium is often used. - E—Both medical doctors, Galen and Hippocrates pursued the belief that imbalances
in the body were the bases for abnormal behavior, much as the biomedical approach
today believes that neurochemical and hormonal balances underlie disorders. - A—Though there have been conflicting individual studies, meta-analysis of 475 stud-
ies found that psychotherapy was effective in treating psychological disorders. Although
cognitive-behavioral approaches to therapy are popular today for treating a wide vari-
ety of disorders, no single treatment has been found more effective for all types of
mental health problems.
Rapid Review
Professionals who treat people with psychopathologies include:- Psychiatrists—medical doctors (M.D.); can prescribe medication and perform
surgery. - Clinical psychologists—have doctoral degrees (Ph.D. or Psy.D.); use different ther-
apeutic approaches depending on training and diagnosis. - Counseling psychologists—have Ph.D., Ed.D., Psy.D., or M.A. in counseling;
tend to deal with less severe mental health problems. - Psychoanalysts—may or may not be psychiatrists, but follow the teaching of Freud
and practice psychoanalysis or other psychodynamic therapies. - Clinical or psychiatric social workers—have masters degrees in social work
(M.S.W.).
240 STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High
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