Cultural and Intellectual Changes h 175- Which of the following is NOT a finding of the
Scientific Revolution or the Enlightenment?
(A) Planetary motion
(B) Heliocentric theory
(C) Movable type
(D) The circulatory system
(E) The social contract
8. Which of the following concepts of the period
1450 to 1750 did NOT rely on natural laws?
(A) Predestination
(B) Deism
(C)Laissez-faire philosophy
(D) The social contract
(E) The theory of gravity - A—Some Europeans favored the Protes tant
Reformation because it opposed the political
and religious authority of the pope. Enlighten-
ment political thinking questioned the authority
of governments not established by the consent
of the governed. Both improved the status of
women by emphasizing the element of love
within marriage. Feminists such as Mary Woll-
stonecraft spoke out in favor of women’s rights
(B). The Enlightenment placed human reason
above church traditions, whereas the Protestant
Reformation also challenged them (C). The
Protestant Reformation relied on faith over
reason (D). The Protestant Reformation spread
to North America, whereas the Enlighten ment
also spread to Russia (E). - B—The Chinese invention of movable type and
the European printing press facilitated the pro-
duction of documents that spread Reformation
thought. The Protestant Reformation weakened
the authority of the papacy with regard to both
religious and secular matters (A). Reformation
theology was based on faith rather than on
natural laws (C). Protestantism favored partici-
pation in commercial ventures (D). The Jesuits
spread Roman Catholicism, not Protestantism,
to the Western Hemisphere (E). - D—Chinese ideas differed from the principles
of the Scientific Revolution in not being con-
cerned with the application of science to every-
day society. The Scientific Revolution stressed
the value of data and research (A) and broke
with ancient traditions to describe the nature
of the universe (B). The heliocentric theory
was initially opposed by the Roman Catholic
Church (C). The Scientific Revolution was
based on the concept that science could improve
the condition of humanity, which was basically
good (E).- C—The philosophy of both the Renai ssance
and the Enlightenment was based on reason.
Enlightenment thought advocated rehabilita-
tion for criminals (A). It treated childhood as a
separate stage in life (B). Mary Wollstonecraft,
an Enlightenment thinker, spoke out on behalf
of political rights for women (D). Laissez-faire
economics differed from mercantilism, which
involved government regulation of the econ-
omy (E). - E—Both reformations valued education as a
tool to spread their beliefs. The Protestants were
more accepting of Christians in money-making
activities than were the Roman Catholics (A).
The Roman Catholic Church depended on
church councils to establish official church
doctrines, whereas the Protestant Reformation
taught independence from church traditions
and practices (B). Although the Roman Catholic
Church relied on papal authority, the Protestant
churches did not (C). Although the Protestants
abandoned some church traditions, the Roman
Catholic Church reaffirmed them in their
councils (D). - A—Both believed that science had a practi-
cal role in society. Greek thought influenced
both movements (B). Both dis agreed with the
Roman Catholic Church over the nature of the
universe (C). Neither movement directly inf lu-
enced the Eastern world (D). Both broke with
medie v al traditions of faith over reason (E).
❯ Answers and Explanations
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