302 i STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
- B—Islam did not spread to East Asia during this
time period. It had reached the other regions,
with Spain as its domain in Western Europe (A). - C—The societies and empires of Mexico traded
as far north as the Anasazi societies of present-
day southwestern United States. Agriculture was
unknown to Australia during this period (A). The
natives of Meso america were more settled (B).
Polynesians did not have metal resources (D). - B—The Mongol Empire was a tribute empire.
Mongol influence did not reach Japan (A).
Mongols, never gifted administrators, especially
relied on local rulers in Persia (C). The Mongols
set up a tribute empire in Russia and did not rule
it directly (D). - B—Trade in Eurasia tended to move east and
west along both overland and water routes,
whereas that in the Americas followed a more
north–south pattern. Trade in the Americas was
overland (A). The Americas did not exchange
major world religions (C). Eurasian trade
involved the assistance of nomadic peoples such
as the Mongols (D). - A—The passage describes Captain Cook’s meet-
ing the Hawaiians, who lived in Pacific islands
noted for their lack of deposits of metals. - A—Although the other response choices were
also produced in the Americas, sugar was the
major crop of plantation agriculture. - B—Prior to the Columbian Exchange, the
isolation of the Americas kept the Western
Hemisphere largely free of the diseases of the
rest of the world. Africa and Asia also benefited
from the exchange of American crops (A).
Native Americans tended to be unimpressed
with foods of the Eastern Hemisphere (C).
Native Americans did not serve as a permanent
labor force because of their high mortality from
European diseases (D). - D—The Aztecs were told to establish their
capital city at the site where they saw an eagle
perched on a cactus and holding a snake.
According to legend, they found such a site in
Lake Texcoco, where they built the capital of
Tenochtitlán.
19. D—At the beginning of the Tokugawa
Shogunate, Japan was open to Western tech-
nology, then later suspicious of foreigners and
closed trade with the West. Europeans came to
dominate Indian Ocean trade more and more as
the period progressed (A). The Ottoman Empire
continued to depend on the export of raw mate-
rials (B). European trade supplied the Chinese
with silver (C).
20. A—Whereas some of North American tribes
were farmers, many of them were nomadic;
most Mesoamerican societies were settled agrar-
ian communities. Mesoamericans and North
Americans were sometimes trade partners (B).
The Moundbuilders of North America and the
Mesoamerican societies built large ceremonial
pyramids and other structures (C). Only the
Meso american societies had a written language
in the form of glyphs (D).
21. A—Russian serfs were bound to the land, while
slaves were bound to their masters. Russian serfs
enjoyed some personal freedoms (B). Slaves were
sometimes allowed to purchase their freedom or
were freed by their masters (C). Only slavery was
based on skin color (D).
22. D—The Aztec Empire was rich in natural
resources and enjoyed a complex infrastructure
at the time of the conquest. The Spanish con-
quest was aided by Mesoamericans conquered
by the Aztecs (A). Smallpox took the lives of
thousands of Aztecs (B). Meso american tradi-
tions included the legend of Quet zal cóatl; the
Spanish expedition was received as the possible
return of this god (C).
23. B—Haiti’s revolution, led by black slaves, led to
both its independence and abolition.
24. D—“Bourgeoisie” also refers to the members
of the Third Estate who initiated the French
Revolution. The ancien regime refers to the old
government before the French Revolution (A).
The term “bourgeoisie” did not apply to any
group associated with the Chinese or Haitian
revolutions (B, C).
25. D—Social Darwinism, the belief that the fittest
in society were destined to prosper, was used to
justify imperialism. Conser vatism was a political