Glossary h 321Industrial Revolution The transition between the
domestic system of manufacturing and the mech-
anization of production in a factory setting.
International Monetary Fund An international
organization founded in 1944 to promote market
economies and free trade.
International Space Station A vehicle sponsored
by sixteen nations that circles the earth while car-
rying out experiments.
investiture The authority claimed by monarchs to
appoint church offi cials.
Jacobins Extreme radicals during the French
Revolution.
Janissaries Members of the Ottoman army, often
slaves, who were taken from Christian lands.
jati One of many subcastes in the Hindu caste
system.
Jesuits Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman
Catholic missionary and educational order
founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1534.
jihad Islamic holy war.
junks Large Chinese sailing ships especially
designed for long-distance travel during the Tang
and Song dynasties.
Ka’aba A black stone or meteorite that became the
most revered shrine in Arabia before the intro-
duction of Islam; situated in Mecca, it later was
incorporated in the Islamic faith.
Kabuki theater A form of Japanese theater developed
in the seventeenth century that features colorful
scenery and costumes and an exaggerated style of
acting.
kamikaze The “divine wind” credited by the Japa-
nese with preventing the Mongol invasion of
Japan during the thirteenth century.
karma In Hindu tradition, the good or evil deeds
done by a person.
KhanA Mongol ruler.
kowtow A ritualistic bow practiced in the Chinese
court.
kulaks Russian peasants who became wealthy
under Lenin’s New Economic Policy.
laissez-faire economics An economic concept that
holds that the government should not interfere
with or regulate businesses and industries.
lateen sail A triangular sail attached to a short
mast.
latifundia Large landholdings in the Roman
Empire.
League of Nations International organization
founded after World War I to promote peace and
cooperation among nations.
liberalism An Enlightenment philosophy that
favored civil rights, the protection of private
property, and representative government.
Liberation Theology A religious belief that empha-
sizes social justice for victims of poverty and
oppression.
limited liability corporation (LLC) A business
organization in which the owners have limited
personal legal responsibility for debts and actions
of the business.
Magna Carta A document written in England in
1215 that granted certain rights to nobles; later
these rights came to be extended to all classes.
Malay sailors Southeast Asian sailors who traveled
the Indian Ocean; by 500 c.e., they had colonized
Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the
banana.
Mamluks Turkic military slaves who formed part
of the army of the Abbasid Caliphate in the ninth
and tenth centuries; they founded their own state
in Egypt and Syria from the thirteenth to the
early sixteenth centuries.
Manchus Peoples from northeastern Asia who
founded China’s Qing dynasty.
mandate A type of colony in which the government
is overseen by another nation, as in the Middle
Eastern mandates placed under European control
after World War I.
mandate of heaven The concept developed by the
Zhou dynasty that the deity granted a dynasty
the right to rule and took away that right if the
dynasty did not rule wisely.
manorialism The system of self-suffi cient estates
that arose in medieval Europe.
Maori A member of a Polynesian group that settled
in New Zealand about 800 c.e.
maroon societies Runaway slaves in the Caribbean
who established their own communities to resist
slavery and colonial authorities.
Marshall Plan A U.S. plan to support the recov-
ery and reconstruction of Western Europe after
World War II.
mass consumerism Trade in products designed to
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