❯ Answers and Explanations
- B—Memories that can easily be brought into consciousness are in the preconscious
level of consciousness. - A—Crossing time zones can change the amount of light and dark your body gets,
and alter your sleeping/waking cycle, secretion of hormones, etc. This disrupts your
circadian rhythms. - B—According to psychoanalysts/psychodynamic psychologists, the unconscious
harbors unacceptable thoughts, wishes, and feelings that can be revealed in dreams,
through hypnosis, etc. - D—The hypothalamus regulates body temperature, blood pressure, pulse, blood sugar
levels, hormonal levels, etc. - E—Evolutionary psychologists believe that adaptive behavior persists because of
natural selection. Those who have that trait survive, reproduce, and pass on their traits. - C—Of the choices, only electroencephalograms can reveal function. Before the use of
EEGs, people thought that little brain activity went on during sleep. - B—EEGs of stage 2 sleep are characterized by waves showing sleep spindles and
K-complexes. - E—Nightmares are unpleasant, complex dreams that occur mainly during REM sleep.
- A—A paradox is something contradictory that is true. REM sleep is considered
paradoxical sleep because the eyes are darting around, brain waves are similar to being
awake, but the muscles of the arms and legs are inactive. - B—Freudians believe the hidden meaning of a dream is its latent content.
- C—Ernest Hilgard demonstrated that when people are hypnotized, some part of their
consciousness—the hidden observer—is passively aware of what is happening. - B—Ordinarily we lack the ability to activate our parasympathetic nervous systems
to any significant extent, but we can easily activate the other functions listed. - D—Amphetamines and cocaine are both classified as stimulants.
- A—After drinking small amounts of alcohol, people are often lively and seem uninhibited.
This results from inhibition of part of the frontal lobes that usually keep emotions
in check.
❯ Rapid Review
Consciousness—our awareness of the outside world and of ourselves, including our
own mental processes, thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. EEGs show alpha and beta
waves.
Levels of consciousness:
Normally conscious, what you pay attention to is what you process into perceptions,
thoughts, and experiences. Attentionis a state of focused awareness.- Preconscious—level of consciousness that is outside of awareness but contains feel-
ings and memories that can easily be brought to conscious awareness; - Unconscious(subconscious)—level of consciousness that includes often unaccept-
able feelings, wishes, and thoughts not directly available to conscious awareness; - Nonconscious—the level of consciousness devoted to processes completely inacces-
sible to conscious awareness;
110 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High