Free ebooks ==> http://www.Ebook777.com
- Misinformation effect—incorporation of misleading information into memories
of a given event; - Serial position effect—better recall for information that comes at the beginning
(primacy effect)and at the end of a list of words (recency effect); - Encoding specificity principle—retrieval depends upon the match between the
way information is encoded and the way it is retrieved; - Context-dependent memory—physical setting in which a person learns informa-
tion is encoded along with the information and becomes part of the memory trace; - Mood congruence (mood-dependent memory)—tendency to recall experiences
that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood; - State-dependent memory effect—tendency to recall information better when in
the same internal state as when the information was encoded; - Distributed practice—spreading out the memorization of information or the learning
of skills over several sessions, typically produces better retrieval than massed practice; - Massed practice—cramming the memorization of information or the learning of
skills into one session.
Forgetting—the inability to retrieve previously stored information. Forgetting results
from failure to encode, decay of stored memories, or inability to access stored
information. - Interference—learning some items prevents retrieving others, especially when the
items are similar; - Proactive interference—the process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of
newer memories; - Retroactive inference—the process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of
older memories; - Repression—the tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in
the unconscious mind according to Freud; - Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon—the often temporary inability to access informa-
tionaccompanied by a feeling that the information is in LTM; - Anterograde amnesia—inability to put new information into explicit memory
resulting from damage to hippocampus; no new semantic memories are formed; - Retrograde amnesia—memory loss for a segment of the past, usually around the
time of an accident.
Problem solving and creativity:
Cognition—all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, and
remembering.
Metacognition—thinking about how you think.Problem-solving steps typically involve identifying a problem, generating problem-solving
strategies, trying a strategy, and evaluating the results.
Trial and error—trying possible solutions and discarding those that fail to solve the
problem.
Algorithm—problem-solving strategy that involves a step-by-step procedure that
guarantees a solution to certain types of problems.
Heuristic—a problem-solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify
and solve a problem, but that does not guarantee a correct solution.Cognition ❮ 143