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- D—Homeostasis is a balanced internal state. When the sympathetic nervous system is
activated, the parasympathetic nervous system works to return the body to homeostasis. - C—Most teens are looking to belong to groups and feel acceptance from others, which
corresponds to Maslow’s third level in his hierarchy—love and belonging needs. - B—Adit’s conflict situation involves only one choice, to buy or not to buy the truck,
and thus is the approach–avoidance situation. There is both a positive and a negative
consequence to buying the new truck. - A—The alarm stage is the first part of Selye’s general adaptation syndrome. The tennis
player is probably in a state of shock and her stress at not making the team will cause
the sympathetic nervous system to be activated. In the second stage of resistance, her
coping skills will probably lessen her stress after the initial shock. - E—Three characteristics of the Type A personality have been found to be positively
correlated with heart disease—anger, hostility, and cynicism. - A—In the overjustification effect here, an intrinsically rewarded behavior was turned
into an extrinsically rewarded behavior and, thus, when the rewards were taken away
by the parents, the behavior diminished. - C—Cross-cultural studies conducted by Paul Ekman and others seem to support
identification of six basic facial expressions across all cultures, but different display
rules, depending on the culture. - C—Follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormones are associated with sexual arousal in
humans. - B—People with a high need for achievement want to feel successful. If they select easy
tasks, they are expected to be able to do them and don’t feel very successful. If they
select difficult tasks, their likelihood of success is limited. By completing challenging
but achievable tasks, they feel successful.
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Motiveis a need or a want that causes us to act. Motivationdirects and maintains
goal-directed behavior. Motivational theories explain the relationship between physio-
logical changes and emotional experiences.
Theories of motivation:
Instinct theory—physical and mental instincts such as curiosity and fearfulness cause
us to act. Instincts are inherited automatic species-specific behaviors.
Drive reduction theory—focuses on internal states of tension, such as hunger, that
motivate us to pursue actions that reduce the tension and bring us back to homeostasis,
which is internal balance. Needis a motivated state caused by a physiological deficit.
Driveis a state of psychological tension, induced by a need, which motivates us.
Incentive theory—beyond the primary motives of food, drink, and sex which push us
toward a goal, secondary motives or external stimuli such as money, approval, and
grades regulate and pull us toward a goal.
Arousal theory—each of us has an optimal level of arousal necessary to perform
tasks which varies with the person and the activity. Arousalis the level of alertness,
wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the central nervous system. According
to the Yerkes–Dodson law,for easy tasks, moderately high arousal is optimal; for
difficult tasks, moderately low is optimal; and for most average tasks, a moderate level
of arousal is optimal.Motivation and Emotion ❮ 159