- B—Ideal self and real self. Rogers believed that our ideal self is what we think society
wants us to be and our real self is our natural self, which is good by nature. He believed
that the differences between these two account for problems that we need to overcome
in order to become fully functioning. - A—Nomothetic measures tend to look at common traits that characterize most people.
Idiographic measures attempt to look at individuals and their unique characteristics
and underlying traits. - B—According to Sheldon, Bertha’s profile is that of the ectomorph.
- D—Self-report inventories used by humanists and cognitive theorists are the most
common personality tests given. - E—According to Bandura, self-efficacy deals with our evaluation of our talents and
abilities. - B—Altruism is a cardinal trait of Mother Theresa because it seems to encompass
everything that she stood for—selflessness and devotion to others. Allport believed that
most people have clusters of 5 to 7 central traits, but most do not have a cardinal trait. - E—Womb envy is a term coined by Karen Horney in her feminine rebuttal to Freud’s
penis envy of females. All the other terms are concepts of Alfred Adler’s ego psychology. - B—Roberto has an internal locus of control. Rotter’s locus of control theory is part
of his social cognitive theory that our perception of how much we are in control of our
environment influences the choices we make and behaviors we follow. - D—South Korea. Collective efficacy is our perception that, with collaborative effort,
our group will obtain its desired outcome. Some recent research studies indicate that
high collective efficacy seems to be more beneficial in collectivistic societies such as
Asian societies for achievement of group goals. - E—A trait is a relatively permanent and stable characteristic which can be used
to predict our behavior.
❯ Rapid Review
Personality—a set of unique behaviors, attitudes, and emotions that characterize
a particular individual.
Idiographic methods—personality techniques that look at the individual, such as case
studies, interviews, and naturalistic observations.
Nomothetic methods—personality techniques such as tests, surveys, and observations
that focus on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or
relationships between different aspects of personality.
Biological approach—examines the extent to which heredity determines our
personality.- Temperament—an infant’s natural disposition includes sensitivity, activity levels,
prevailing mood, irritability, and adaptability; - Heritability estimates from twin and adoption studies suggest that both heredity
and environment have about equal roles in determining at least some of our person-
ality characteristics; - Evolutionary psychologist David Buss attributes the universality of basic personality
traits to natural selection because traits such as extraversion and agreeableness ensure
physical survival and reproduction of the species.
196 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High