- C—A delusion is a disordered thought pattern characteristic of psychotic disorders, like
schizophrenia. Someone with paranoid schizophrenia might have delusions of
grandeur, persecution, or reference. - C—DSM-IV is a handbook that lists common symptoms of psychological disorders,
which help professionals in the classifying and diagnosing of patients. It does not list
either causes or treatments. - E—Hypochondriasis is classified as a somatoform disorder characterized by physical
symptoms for which there is no demonstrable physical cause, and by unrealistic inter-
pretation of physical signs as evidence of serious diseases. - E—Flat affect is a negative symptom, a lack of any particular mood state. Each of the
other answers shows a positive symptom of schizophrenia, one that is present. - C—Excessive dopamine is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia, such as
hallucinations and delusions. - B—Estrella seems excessively lacking in self-confidence. She subordinates her own
needs by buying clothes for Maria, and allows Maria to make decisions for her. These
are characteristics of dependent personality disorder.
❯ Rapid Review
Defining abnormal behavior—statistically rare, violates cultural norms, personally
interferes with day-to-day living, and legally may cause a person to be unable to know
right from wrong (insanity)
Causes of abnormal behavior by psychological perspective—- Psychoanalytic: unresolved internal conflict in the unconscious mind;
- Behavioral: maladaptive behaviors learned from inappropriate rewards and punishment;
- Humanistic: conditions of worth imposed by society, which cause lowered self-concept;
- Cognitive: irrational and faulty thinking;
- Biological: neurochemical or hormonal imbalances; abnormal brain structures
or genetics.
Brief descriptions of common psychological problems— - Anxiety disorders include panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias,
obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Symptoms include
the panic attack: pain and tightness of muscles in chest or neck, feeling light-headed
or faint, profuse sweating, clammy hands; - Somatic disorders include somatization disorder, conversion disorder, and
hypochondriasis. Symptoms deal with the body or soma and have no realistic physical
cause for them; - Dissociative disorders include dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, and dissociative
identity disorder. Symptoms involve a sudden loss of memory (amnesia) or change
in identity. The Freudian explanation is repression for hurtful situations too painful
for the individual to deal with; - Mood disorders include unipolar (depressive) and bipolar (manic–depressive)
disorders. Symptoms involve primary disturbance in affect or mood that colors the
individual’s entire emotional state; - Schizophrenia is a category including four major types: disorganized, catatonic,
paranoid, and undifferentiated. These disorders are characterized by psychosis—
lack of touch with reality evidenced by abnormal thinking, emotion, movement,
socialization, and/or perception. Delusionsare erroneous beliefs that are maintained
226 ❯ STEP 4. Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High