296 ❯ STEP 5. Build Your Test-Taking Confidence
81.According to social learning theory, gender iden-
tity results primarily from
(A) chromosomal differences in the sex chromo-
somes and hormones secreted during prena-
tal development
(B) resolution of the Oedipal complex resulting
in identification with the same-sex parent
(C) observation and imitation of significant role
models
(D) consistent reinforcement of gender-appro-
priate behaviors and punishment of gender-
inappropriate behaviors
(E) labeling of a child as a boy or a girl
82.Aisha is a beautiful, black teenager. If she is typ-
ical, she most likely believes that
(A) white teenagers are superior to black
teenagers
(B) Asian teenagers are superior to black
teenagers
(C) Hispanic teenagers are superior to black
teenagers
(D) Hispanic teenagers are superior to Asian
teenagers
(E) black teenagers are superior to white
teenagers
83.The position on the basilar membrane at which
waves reach their peak depends on the frequency
of a tone, according to which theory?
(A) opponent-process
(B) trichromatic
(C) place
(D) volley
(E) frequency
84.Lev Vygotsky’s approach to the study of cogni-
tive development was
(A) psychodynamic
(B) behavioral
(C) biological
(D) sociocultural
(E) evolutionary
85.The left cerebral hemisphere is specialized for
which of the following functions?
(A) verbal, mathematical, and recognizing emo-
tional expressions
(B) mathematical, spatial, and musical
(C) verbal, analytic, and mathematical
(D) mathematical, spatial, and analytic
(E) spatial, musical, and identifying faces
86.The contingency model explains classical condi-
tioning from which of the following perspectives?
(A) behavioral
(B) psychoanalytic
(C) cognitive
(D) humanistic
(E) biomedical
87.All people have essentially the same set of traits,
differing only in terms of the extent to which
they show each trait, according to which of the
following personality theories?
(A) nomothetic
(B) idiographic
(C) Freudian
(D) somatotype
(E) biological
88.After Tamika complained to her mother about
how little she has, Tamika and her mother went
to a soup kitchen to volunteer to serve dinner to
the homeless. After serving 120 dinners, Tamika
told her mother how happy she is that they can
afford to buy delicious foods she loves. Tamika’s
increased perception that she is happy is best
explained by applying which of the following
theories?
(A) relative deprivation
(B) adaptation-level
(C) Yerkes–Dodson arousal
(D) diathesis–stress
(E) attribution