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Clinical psychologists—psychologists who evaluate
and treat mental, emotional and behavioral
disorders.
Cognition—all the mental activities associated
with thinking, knowing, and remembering
information.
Cognitive approach—psychological perspective
concerned with how we receive, store, and process
information; think/reason; and use language.
Cognitive dissonance— according to Festinger, the
theory that changes in attitudes can be motivated
by an unpleasant state of tension caused by a dis-
parity between a person’s beliefs or attitudes and
behavior.
Cognitive illusion—systematic way of thinking that
is responsible for an error in judgment.
Cognitive learning—a type of learning that involves
mental events, problem solving, and rule formation.
Cognitive map—a mental picture of the layout of
one’s environment.
Cognitive restructuring—cognitive therapy in
which clients discuss their fears and are led to
change their attitudes and beliefs about the situa-
tions that frighten them.
Cognitive therapy—therapy that teaches people
more adaptive ways of thinking and acting in
order to eliminate maladaptive thinking and emo-
tional reactions.
Cognitive triad—Beck’s cognitive therapy which
looks at what people think about their Self, their
World, and their Future.
Cohort—group of people in one age group.
Cohort effect—observed group differences based on
the era when people were born and grew up
exposing them to particular experiences which
may affect results of cross-sectional studies.
Cohort-sequential—research design that combines
aspects of cross-sectional and longitudinal research
to correct for cohort effect.
Collective unconscious—according to Jung, the
powerful and influential system of the psyche that
contains universal memories and ideas that all
people have inherited from our ancestors over the
course of evolution.
Collectivism—primary identification of an individual
as a member of a group (family, school, company,
community) and goals of the group as one’s goals.
Color blindness—sex-linked trait more common in
males where individual cannot see certain colors,
most often red and green.
Compliance—modification of our behavior at
another person’s request.
Compulsion—an irresistible impulse to repeat some
action over and over although it serves no useful
purpose.
Computerized axial tomography(CAT or CT)— a
computerized image using x-rays passed through the
brain to show structure and/or the extent of a lesion.
Concept—a mental grouping or category for similar
objects; one of the basic elements of thought.
Concrete operational stage—Piaget’s third stage of
cognitive development (7-12 yrs) during which
the child develops simple logic and masters con-
servation concepts.
Concurrent validity—measure of test showing how
much of a skill a person has at the moment.
Conditioned response (CR)—in classical condi-
tioning, the learned response to a conditioned
stimulus which results from repeated pairing with
the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditioned stimulus(CS)—in classical condition-
ing, originally a neutral stimulus that comes to
trigger a conditioned response after being repeat-
edly paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
Conditions of worth—conditions that others place
on us for receiving their positive regard.
Confabulation—filling in gaps in memory by com-
bining and substituting memories from events
other than the one you’re trying to remember.
Confirmation bias—a tendency to search for and
use information that supports our preconcep-
tions, and ignore information that refutes our
ideas; often a hindrance to problem solving.
Conflict situations—problems in choosing between
alternatives.
Conformity—the adoption of attitudes and behav-
iors shared by a particular group of people.
Confounding variables—in a controlled experi-
ment, factors that cause differences between the
experimental group and the control group other
than the independent variable.
Connectionism—theory that memory is stored
throughout the brain in connections between
neurons, many of which can work together to
process a single memory.
Consciousness—awareness of the outside world and
ourselves, including our own mental processes,
thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. EEGs of
wakeful consciousness record alpha and beta
waves.Glossary ❮ 317